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论FOB合同下承运人签发提单的义务
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依我国海商法，应托运人要求，承运人应当签发提单。但与承运人订立海上货运合同的人及向承运人实际交货的人都可能是托运人。在CIF、或C而在FOB条件下，t ‘shipped’ bills of lading. The seller tendered ‘received’ bill of lading .FOB buyer was entitled to reject shipping documents.” 〖FOB合同下卖方有义务取得并提交装运单据…付款赎取‘已装船’提单，若卖方提交‘收货待运’提单，FOB买方有权拒收该装船单据。〗 Gilmore,G Black亦认为：“FOB船舶术语，要求卖方担当装货完成之前的风险，只有‘已装船’提单才能证明他业已履行了合同义务。” 这也间接地表明卖方有权取得提单。 Paul Todd说：“FOB合同Institute of Export的定义：…卖方将货物装船后便可获得提单，然后将提单交给买方，而买方通常应先支付货款以便换取提单。”“在典型的FOB合同中，卖方是托运人，买方可以要求卖方提交一份已装船提单，来作为卖方已履行他的义务、装运了货物的证明。” Charles Debattista’指出： “Classic FOB,or extended fob term(with the additional service of concluding the contract of carriage)the seller owes the buyer a duty to tender the commercial documents…at the centre of those documents lies the bills of lading. 〖典型的FOB合同或FOB扩张条件（即附加服务的运输合同）卖方有义务向买方提交商业单据…这些单据的核心即为提单。〗 英国有不少判例对此已有明确认定： Donaldon ***官在 Whimble, Sons & Co & Sons 案中指出：“ The FOB contract…the seller’s to put the goods on board for account of the buyer and procure a bill of lading …the seller is directly a party to the contract of carriage at least until he takes out the bill of lading in the buyer’s name.” 〖FOB合同，买方的义务在于指定船舶，而卖方则需将货装船（代买方进行）并取得提单。在此种状况下，卖方直至他移交填有买方姓名的提单之前始终是运输合同的当事方。〗 Evens 法官在Concordia Trading . Richo International ：“FOB卖方必需取得货运单据并提交给买方，而买方有义务付款赎单…虽然货物装运于买方指定的船上，但是卖方将保留货物的处置权以爱惜自已的权益，作为未被付款的卖方，提单将被要求交付给他或凭他的提示。…唯一留置单据的理由是在未付款的状况下，卖方有意以一种对其有利的方式持有单据以便把握拖欠付款的日期。” Donaldson ***官在The “El Amria”and “The Minia”案中重申：“in the FOB contract, the buyer nominated the ship and the seller put the goods on board for the account of buyer and if he had taken the bill of lading to his order , the only contract of carriage to which the buyer could become party was that contained in or evidenced by the bill of lading which was endorsed to him by the seller.” 〖在FOB合同中，买方指定船舶，卖方代表买方将货物装上船，假如提单是凭他的指示，买方能够成为当事方的唯一运输合同是由该提单包含或证明的由卖方背书给他的合同。〗 Brett 法官在Stock v. Inglis 案中认为：“FOB术语，…提单由卖方附上其它有关单据一并提交给