文档介绍：该【人教版生物必修二知识点总结 】是由【莫比乌斯】上传分享，文档一共【30】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【人教版生物必修二知识点总结 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。人教版生物必修二知识点总结(Humanteachingeditionbiologicalcompulsorytwoknowledgepointssummary)
Zhengzhouclass1106singing
(1)thelawofsegregationofgenes
Theadvantagesofpeaasamaterial:
(1)peacanbestrictlyselfpollinated,anditisclosedpollinatedandcanmaintainpurebreedundernaturalconditions.
(2)varietieshavedistinguishablecharacters.
Theartificialhybridizationtestprocess:(leftpistils),emasculationbagging(antiinterference),artificialpollination
Thegeneticphenomenonofapairofrelativecharacters:apairofhomozygousparentswithapairofrelativecharacterscrossed,andtheoffspringshowedakindofexpression
ThecharactersofF1andF2generationswereseparated,andtheseparationratiowas3:1.
Theessenceofthelawofgenesegregation:inheterozygouscells,alleleslocatedonapairofhomologouschromosomeshave
Certainindependence,whentheorganismisinmeiosis,allelesareseparatedbyhomologouschromosomes,respectively
Intwogametes,independentlytransmittedtotheoffspringasgametes.
(2)thelawoffreecombinationofgenes
Thegeneticphenomenonoftwopairsofrelativecharacterscontrolledbytwoalleles:hybridizationofhomozygousparentswithtwopairsofrelativecharacters
AftergenerationofF1selfing,offspringappearedinfourphenotypes,witharatioof9:3:3:
Zygoteaccountedfor1/16inthetwogenerations,accountingfor4/16;theproportionofdominantindividualsaccountedfor9/16;theproportionofdoublerecessiveindividualsaccountedfor1/16;
Thesingleheterozygoteaccountedfor2/16*4=8/16;thedoubleheterozygoteaccountedfor4/16;theparenttypeproportionaccountedfor9/16and1/16;theproportionofrecombinanttypes
Eachaccountedfor3/16,3/16
Theessenceofthelawoffreecombinationofgenes:theseparationorcombinationofnonallelicgeneslocatedonnonhomologouschromosomesisnotmutuallyexclusive
,gametesareformedonthehomologouschromosomesandseparatedfromeachotheratthesametime
Afreecombinationofnonallelicallelesonthesourcechromosome.
Usingtheprincipleoffreecombinationofgenestocultivatenewvarieties:goodcharactersareindifferentvarieties,
Thebestvarietieswereobtainedbycrossbreedingfirst,selectingtheonesthatmettherequirements,andthencarryingoutcontinuousself-pollination.
Memorypoint:
:apairofrelativecharactersoftwobiologicalpurehybrids,theoffspringonlyshowdominantcharacters;
Traitsegregationappearedinthetwooffspring,andtheratioofdominantcharacterstorecessivecharacterswascloseto3:1.
,apairofhomologouschromosomesisfoundtobeindependent,
Inmeiosis,gametesareseparatedandseparatedintotwogametes,
Independentlytransmittedtooffspringbygametes.
,=genotype+Environment
Condition.
,gametesareformedonthehomologouschromosomesandseparatedfromeachotheratthesametime
,individualswiththeNallele
Thegametesproducedmayhaveatmost2nspecies.
Two,cellproliferation
(1)cellcycle:acontinuousdivisionofcells,startingfromthecompletionofadivision,untilthenextdivisioniscomplete.
(2)mitosis:
ThebiggestfeatureofinterphaseisthereplicationofDNAmoleculesandthesynthesisofproteins
Themainchangesofchromosomesinprophaseareprophase,metaphase,
Notethedoublingofchromosomenumbersatanaphaseduetomitoticdivision.
Thedifferenceofmitosisbetweenanimalsandplants:;themodeofcytokinesisisdifferentattheendofb..
(3)meiosis:
Object:sexuallytransmittedorganisms
Period:primordialgermcellsformmaturegermcells
Features:chromosomesareduplicatedonlyonce,andcellsdividetwotimescontinuously
Results:thenumberofchromosomesinthenewlycreatedgermcellswasreducedbyhalfthanthatoftheoriginalgermcells.
Majorchangesinchromosomesduringspermandeggformation:meiosis,firstinterphase,chromosomereplication,prophase
Homologouschromosomesformfourbodies(oftencrosscrossingbetweennonsisterchromosomes),andmetaphasechromosomesarehomologous
Ontheequatorialplate,thelatterchromosomesareseparatedatthesametime,whilethenonhomologouschromosomesarefree;thesecondprophaseofmeiosisisstained
Thebodyisrandomlydistributedinthecell,thecentromereofthemetaphasechromosomeisarrangedontheequatorialplate,andthecentromereofthelaterchromosomeisdividedanddyed
Separationofmonomericbodies.
Identificationofthepatternsofmitosisandmeiosis:(inthecaseofdiploidorganisms)
......Meiosisseconddivision
,formingfourbodies,arrangedonanequatorialplate,orseparatingfromeachother......Meioticfirstdivision
......Mitosis
Memorypoint:
.
Duringmeiosis2.,homologouschromosomesintheassociationareseparatedfromeachother,indicatingthatchromosomesareindependentofeachother;twohomologous
Whenthechromosomemovestowardwhichpoleisrandom,differentpairsofchromosomes(nonhomologouschromosomes)canbefreelycombined.
.
,andspermcellsundergocomplexchangestoformsperm.
,formingonlyoneeggcell.
,meiosisandfertilizationarenecessaryforthemaintenanceofeachorganism'sprecursorcells
Theconstancyofthenumberofchromosomesisimportantforbiologicalinheritanceandvariation
Three、sexdeterminationandsexlinkedinheritance
(1)XYtypeofsexdetermination:thefemalehasapairofidenticalsexchromosomes(XX),andthemalehasapair
Aheteromorphicsexchromosome(XY).MeiosisproducesspermatozoathatproducespermcontainingtheXchromosomeandcontainYstaining
Thechancesofeggcellbindingareequal,sothechancesofmaleandfemalebirthsareequal,witharatioof1:1.
(2)recessiveinheritanceofX(suchascolorblindness,hemophilia,Drosophilawink,female,leafshape,etc.)
Malepatientsaremorethanfemalepatients
Itbelongstothecross(),daughterandgrandson
Femalepatientswhosefathersandsonsarepatients;malessufferfromillness,andtheirmothersandfemalesareatleastcarriers
(3)recessiveinheritanceontheXchromosome(.,resistancetoVDrickets,pendulumnystagmus)
Femalepatientsaremorethanmalepatients.
Continuousgeneration.
Amalepatientwhosemotheranddaughtermustbeapatient.
(4)geneticinheritanceontheYchromosome(.,externalauditorycanalhirsutism)
Fathertoson,pathogenicgenestochildrenandgrandchildren,withsuccessivegenerations,alsoknownasholandric.
(5)therelationshipbetweensexualinheritanceandthelawofsegregationofgenes:genesassociatedwithsex,sexchromosomes,andsexchromosomes
Apairofhomologouschromosomes,thesexlinkedinheritance,inessence,conformstothelawofgenesegregation.
Memorypoint:
:chromosomesandsexchromosomes.
Therearetwomainwaysofdeterminingsex:oneisXY,theotherisZW.
:
(1)thecharacteristicsofXwithautosomalrecessivemalepatientsthanfemalepatients;withatavism(dueto
ThediseasegeneisontheXchromosome,whichisusuallypassedthroughthedaughtertothegrandchild);thefatherandthesonofthefemalepatientmustbesuffering
Conversely,themalepatientmusthavebeentransmittedtothecausativegenebyhismother.
(2)Xchromosomedominantinheritancefeatures:femalepatientsaremorethanmalepatients,mostofwhomhavecontinuousgeneration,thatis,fromgenerationtogeneration
Therearepatients,malepatients,mothersanddaughtersmustbepatients.
(3)geneticcharacteristicsassociatedwithYchromosome:allpatientsaremale;thecausativegene,father,son,andoffspring(XianXionggenetic).
(1)DNAisthemajorgeneticmaterial
Biologicalgeneticmaterial:inthewholebiologicalworld,
Biological(cellularstructuresofbiologicalandDNAviruses),DNAisgeneticmaterial;onlyasmallnumberofviruses(suchasAIDS)
ThereisnoDNA,onlyRNA,andRNAisgeneticmaterial,suchasviruses,SARSviruses,avianinfluenzaviruses,etc..
ProvetheexperimentaldesignideathatDNAisageneticsubstance:trytoseparateDNAfromprotein,individuallyanddirectly
ToobservetheroleofDNA.
(2)thestructureandreplicationofDNAmolecules