文档介绍：该【高中化学知识点总结（2） 】是由【莫比乌斯】上传分享，文档一共【23】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【高中化学知识点总结（2） 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。高中化学知识点总结(Highschoolchemistrypointsummary)
Thecommonnameforaone,
Inorganicparts:
纯碱、苏打、天然碱、口碱:Na2CO3小苏打:NaHCO3大苏打:Na2S2O3石膏(生石膏)::2CaSO4·.H2O 莹石:CaF2重晶石:BaSO4(无毒)碳铵:NH4HCO3石灰石、大理石:CaCO3生石灰:CaO食盐:NaCl熟石灰、消石灰:Ca(OH)2芒硝:Na2SO4·7H2O(缓泻剂)烧碱、火碱、苛性钠:NaOH绿矾:FaSO4·7H2O干冰:CO2明矾:KAl(SO4)2·12H2O漂白粉:Ca(ClO)2、CaCl2(混和物)泻盐:MgSO4·7H2O胆矾、蓝矾:CuSO4·5H2O双氧水:H2O2皓矾:ZnSO4·7H2O硅石、石英:SiO2刚玉:Al2O3水玻璃、泡花碱、矿物胶:Na2SiO3铁红、铁矿:Fe2O3磁铁矿:Fe3O4黄铁矿、硫铁矿:FeS2铜绿、孔雀石:Cu2(OH)2CO3菱铁矿:FeCO3赤铜矿:Cu2O波尔多液:Ca(OH)2和CuSO4石硫合剂:Ca(OH)2和S玻璃的主要成分:Na2SiO3、CaSiO3、SiO2过磷酸钙(主要成分):Ca(H2PO4)2和CaSO4重过磷酸钙(主要成分):Ca(H2PO4)2天然气、沼气、坑气(主要成分):CH4水煤气:CO和H2硫酸亚铁铵(淡蓝绿色):Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2溶于水后呈淡绿色
Photochemicalsmoke:NO2producesapoisonousgasinthelightofthelight:thickHNO3andconcentratedHClratio1:3.
Heatagent:Al+:CO(NH2)2
Organicpart:
Chloroform:CHCl3carbide:CaC2calciumcarbide:C2H2(acetylene)TNT:tri-nitro(baidu)base(baidu),benzenealcohol,ethanol:C2H5OH
CFCS:goodrefrigerants,toxic,:aceticacid,vinegarCH3COOH
Pyrolysisgascomposition(oilcracking):olefins,alkanes,alkynes,H2S,CO2,CO,,propanediol:C3H8O3
Cokeovengascomposition(coalfractionation):H2,CH4,ethylene,CO,:phenolantformaldehyde:formaldehydeHCHO
Formalin:35percentto40percentformalinhydroformicacid:HCOOH
Glucose:C6H12O6fructose:C6H12O6sucrose:C12H22O11maltose:C12H22O11starch(C6H10O5)n
Stearicacid:C17H35COOHoleicacid:C17H33COOHpalmiticacid:C15H31COOH
Oxalicacid:HOOC-COOHcausesblueinktofade,strongacidity,heatdecompositionintoCO2andwatertomakeKMnO4acidicsolutionfade.
Second,thecolor
Iron:ironpowderisblack;+--lightgreenFe3O4--blackcrystals
Fe(OH)2--whiteprecipitationFe3+--yellowFe(OH)3--reddish-brownprecipitationFe(SCN)3--blood-redsolution
FeO-blackpowderFe(NH4)2(SO4)2-lightbluegreenFe2O3-redbrownpowderFeS-blacksolid
Copper:thesinglesubstanceispurpleCu2+--blueCuO--blackCuO--redCuSO4(nowater)--whiteCuSO4·5H2O--blueCu2(OH)2CO3--greenCu(OH)2--blue[Cu(NH3)4]SO4--darkbluesolution
BaSO4,BaCO3,Ag2CO3,CaCO3,AgCl,Mg(OH),andtribromophenolareallwhiteprecipitates
Al(OH)3whiteflocculatedH4SiO4(protosilicicacid)whitegelatinousprecipitate
Cl2,chlorinewater-yellow-greenF2-lightyellowgreengasBr2-darkredbrownliquidI2-purpleblacksolid
HF,HCl,HBr,HIareallcolorlessgas,formingwhitefogintheair
CCl4--colorlessliquid,densityisgreaterthanwater,andwaterdoesnotmixwithKMnO4--purpleMnO4----purple
Na2O2-paleyellowsolidAg3PO4-yellowprecipitateS-yellowsolidAgBr-lightyellowprecipitate
AgI-yellowprecipitateO3-lightbluegasSO2-colorless,aggressivesmell,toxicgas
SO3-colorlesssolid()magentasolution-redhydrofluoricacid:HF-corrosiveglass
N2O4,NO-colorlessgasNO2-red-browngasNH3-colorless,stimulatingodorgas
:
Thereactionofaluminumandhydrochloricacidisexothermic,andthereactionoftheBa(OH)2andNH4Clisendothermic.
(withphenolphthalein)reaction,melting,floatinginwater,rotating,gasemission;(melting,floating,swimming,hissing,red)
:Nayellow,Kpurple(throughbluecobaltglass),Cugreen,Cabrickred,Na+(yellow),K+(purple).
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;Theintensecombustionofaluminumfoilinoxygenproducesdazzlingwhitelight;
Theburningofmagnesiumstripsintheairproducesadazzlingwhitelightthatburnswhitepowder(MgO)inCO2,producingblacksmoke.
TheironwireburnsintheCl2,:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O
(OH)2isoxidizedintheair:itturnsfromwhitetogreentoreddishbrown;
:FeandAlarepassivatedinthickH2SO4andconcentratedHNO3;
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:S--faintblueflameH2--lightblueflameH2S--lightblueflame
CO-blueflameCH4-brightandblueflameSburninginO2-brightblueandpurpleflame.
:
:SorNa2O2orAgBr
:SO2(redafterheating),Cl2(noredafterheating)
:Fe2+(lightgreen),Fe3+(yellow),Cu2+(blue),MnO4-(purple)
Coloredsolid:red(Cu,Cu2O,Fe2O3),reddishbrown[Fe(OH)3]black(CuO,FeO,FeS,CuS,Ag2S,PbS)
Blue[Cu(OH)2]yellow(AgI,Ag3PO4)white[Fe(0H)2,CaCO3,BaSO4,AgCl,BaSO3]
Coloredgas:Cl2(yellowgreen),NO2(reddishbrown)
:
-seesolubilitywatch;:
ColorrangeofindicatorPH
Methylorange<->
Phenolphthalein<->
Stamens<->
Oninertelectrodes,theorderofdischargeofvariousions:
Abilityofcathode(away):Au3++>>AgHg2+>Cu2+>Pb2+>Fa2+>Zn2++>>HAl3+>magnesium2+>Na+>>Ca2+K+
Anodes(theabilitytoloseelectrons):S2->I->Br->Cl-BBB3OH-BBB4oxygenatedroots
Note:iftheanodeismadeofmetal,theoxidationreductionreactionoccursintheanodeitself(exceptPt,Au).
(1)hydrolyzedionsontheleft,hydrolyzedproductsontherighthandside;
(2)balance:thechargeisbalancedontheleft,andotheratomsarebalancedontheright.(3)H,Ouneven,addwateroverthere.
Example:whenNa2CO3mixedwithAlCl3solution,3CO32-+2Al3++3H2O=2Al(OH)3
:(1)analysis:whatarethereactantsandproducts;(2)balance.
Example:electrolyticKClsolution:2KCl+2H2O==H2+Cl2+Cl2+2kohbalance:2KCl+2H2O==H2arrow+Cl2+2koh
:(1)writetwosemi-reactiveequationsbyelectrongain;(2)toconsidertheenvironment(acidityoralkalinity)inreactiontime;(3)equalizethenumberofatomsandchargesonthesecondside.
Example:thereactioninthebatteryis:Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4=2PbSO4+2H2Otrytowritetheelectrodereactionastheoriginalbattery(discharge).
Writetwoandahalfreactions:Pb-2e-------PbSO4PbO2+2e-PbSO4
Analysis:inanacidicenvironment,fillotheratoms:thenegativepole:Pb+SO42-2e-=PbSO4
Positivepole:PbO2+4H+SO42-+2e-=PbSO4+2H2O
Note:whencharging,itiselectrolytic,andtheelectrodereactionisreversedfortheaboveelectrodereaction:
For:cathode:PbSO4+2e-=Pb+SO42-anode:PbSO4+2H2O-2e-=PbO2+4H++SO42-
7,insolvingcomputationalproblemsoftenusedinidentity:atomicunit,ionidentity,electronicidentity,chargeunit,powerunit,usedmethodsare:conservationofmass,dispersionmethod,unitarymethod,limitmethod,therelations,theRDBandestimation.(non-redoxreaction:atomicconservation,chargebalance,materialbalance,REDOXreaction:conservationofelectron)
Themoretheions,themorenuclearcharge,thesmallertheions.
Crystalmeltingpoint:atomiccrystal>ioniccrystal>molecularcrystalhighschoollearnedatomiccrystals:Si,SiC,SiO2=:diamond>SiC>Si(becauseoftheatomicradius:Si>C>O).
Themeltingandboilingpointofmolecularcrystal:thecompositionandstructureofsimilarsubstances,thehigherthemolecularweight,thehighertheboilingpoint.
Electricchargeofcolloids:generallyspeaking,thecolloidalparticlesofmetalhydroxideandmetaloxidearepositivelycharged,andthecolloidalparticlesofnon-metallicoxideandmetalsulfidearenegativelycharged.
:MnO4->Cl2>Br2>Fe3+>I2>S=4(+4priceS):I2+SO2+H2O=H2SO4+2HI
+:H2O,NH3,HF,CH3CH2OH.
(ethanolsolution),,thehigherthedensityis.
:(1)whetherthereisprecipitationformationandgasemission;(2)whetherthereisweakelectrolyteformation;(3)whetheroxidationreductionreactionoccurs;(4)whethertheformationofcomplexions[Fe(SCN)2,Fe(SCN)3,Ag(NH3)+,[Cu(NH3)4]2+,etc.];(5)doublehydrolysisoccurs.
Intheearth'scrust,themostabundantmetalelementis-OHClO4(perchloricacid)-thestrongestacid
ThelowestmeltingpointisHg(-).,;ThehighestmeltingpointisW(tungsten3410c);Theleastdense(common)isK;Thehighestdensity(common)isPt.
,itbecomesacidrain.
:>acid>benzoicacid>carbonicacid>phenol>HCO3-
,payattentiontothetwosubstances,waterandbromine.
Ethylacetate(insolubleinwater,floating),bromobenzene(insolubleinwater,sink),acetaldehyde(solubleinwater),canbeusedforwater.
:halogenated,nitrification,sulfonation,halogenatedhydrolysis,esterhydrolysis,esterificationreaction,etc.;
,regardlessoftheproportionofthemixture,theamountofCO2,H2O,,H2OandO2consumptionproducedwhenthequalityofasinglecomponentisidentical.
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