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②课本21单元P144~145固废解决措施、垃圾焚化,填埋技术特别是P145第二、三段,复****资料**页;
③课本23单元 P156,第三段,噪声控制室负责尖端的技术,复****资料**页。
④课本26单元P169第二部分OperationalProcedures,环境影响评价的环节,考其中的1、2、3、4等小点。
Unit 18
Sourcesand TypesofSolidWastes固体废物的来源和种类
Knowledge ofthe sourcesandtypesofsolid wastes, along withdata onthecompositionand ratesofgeneration,isbasictothe designand operationofthe functional elementsassociatedwiththemanagement ofsolid wastes. 理解固体废物的来源和种类,以及其数量构成和产生率,是设计和管理有关固体废物的基本运作条件。
Sources ofsolidwastes固体废物的来源
Sourcesof solid wastesare,in general,relatedto landuse ,一般来说,与土地使用和划分有关。Althoughanynumberofsource classifications can bedeveloped, thefollowingcategorieshavebeenfounduseful虽然许多废物的来源分类可以发展,如下是已被发既有用的分类措施(1)residential, 住宅(2)commercial,商业(3)municipal,市政(4)industrial,工业(5)open areas,开放地区(6)treatmentplants, 解决厂and(7)agricultural. 和农业。Typical wastegeneration facilities, activities, or locationsassociatedwitheachofthese sourcesare ,人类活动,或与这些来源有关的每个地点见表1。Thetypesof wastesgenerated,which arediscussed next,are ,这是接下去要讨论的种类,也被辨认了。
Typesofsolid wastes固体废物的种类
The termsolidwastesisall-inclusiveand encompassesallsources,typesofclassifications,composition,,分类,构成类型和属性。Wastesthataredischargedmaybeofsignificantvalue inanother setting,but theyareoflittleornovalue ,在另一种环境也许具有重要价值,但是对于乐意处置它们占有者来说,它们很少或者没有价值,Toavoid confusion,the termrefuse,oftenused interchangeablywith thetermsolidwastes,isnotusedin this ,常常使用这个词,替代固体废物,而不是使用本书的。
。Itwillbehelpfultodefinethevarioustypesofsolid 。Itisimportanttobe awarethat the definitionsofsolidwastetermsandtheclassificationsvarygreatly ,固体废物的术语的定义和分类在不同的文献中差别很大。Consequently,theuseofpublished datarequires considerable care,judgment,,在发布的数据的使用时需要相称谨慎,判断和常识。Thefollowing definitionsareintendedto serveasa guideand arenot meanttobearbitraryof ,是不是为了精确任意科学概念。
Foodwastes食品废弃物
Foodwastesaretheanimal,fruit,or vegetable residuesresultingfrom thehandling,preparation, cooking,andeatingoffoods(alsocalled garbage ).食品废弃物是动物,水果或蔬菜制备,烹饪,和食用的食品残留物的导致的(也称为垃圾)。Themost important characteristicof thesewastesisthatthey arehighlyputrescibleandwilldecompose rapidly, especiallyinwarm ,并会迅速分解,特别是在温暖的天气。Often,decomposition will lead tothe development ofoffensiveodors. 一般状况下,分解会导致产生异味。Inmanylocations,theputresciblenatureofthese wasteswill significantlyinfluencethedesignandoperationofthesolidwastecollection ,这些废物腐烂的性质将大大影响设计和固体废物收集系统的运作。Inadditiontotheamounts offoodwastes generatedat residences, considerableamountsaregeneratedat cafeterias andrestaurants,largeinstitutionalfacilitiessuchashospitals andprisons, and facilitiesassociatedwiththemarketingoffoods, including ,尚有食堂和餐厅也产生的相称数量食品废物,大型机构的设施如医院和监狱,以及与食品的销售有关设施,涉及批发和零售商店和市场。
Rubbish家庭垃圾
Rubbish consistsofcombustibleandnoncombustiblesolidwastesofhousehold,institutions,commercialactivities,etc., excludingfoodwastes ,其来自家庭,机构,商业活动等,不涉及食品废物或其她高度容易腐烂的材料。Typically, combustiblerubbishconsistsof materialssuchaspaper,cardboard, plastics,textiles,rubber,leather,wood,furniture,,可燃垃圾,涉及材料例如:纸,纸板,塑料,纺织,橡胶,皮革,木材,家具和庭院修剪物。
Noncombustible rubbishconsistsofitems suchas glass,crockery,tincans,aluminumcans,ferrous andother nonferrous metals,,陶器,铁罐,铝罐,黑色金属和有色金属等物品,和泥土。
Ashesand Residues灰烬和残留物
Materialsremainingfromthe burningofwood,coal,coke,andothercombustiblewastes in homes,stores, institutions,andindustrialandmunicipal facilitiesfor purposesof heating,cooking,anddisposing of combustible wastesarecategorized ,煤炭,焦炭,和家庭其她可燃废物燃烧剩余的材料,商店,机关,以及工业和市政设施取暖,做饭,产生的可燃废物处置被归类为灰烬和残留物。Residuesfrompower plantsnormallyarenot includedinthiscategory. 发电厂的残留物一般不涉及在这一类。Ashesandresiduesare normallycomposed offine,powderymaterials,cinders,clinkers,andsmallamountsofburnedandpartially burned ,粉状物料,炉渣,熟料,和少量烧焦的和部分烧毁材料构成。Glass, crockery,and variousmetalsare alsofoundinthe ,陶器,以及多种金属也从市区焚化炉的残留物中被发现。
Demolitionandconstructionwastes拆除和建筑垃圾
,及其她废物被列为拆除废物。Wastesfromtheconstruction, remodeling,andrepairingof individualresidences,commercialbuildings,andotherstructuresareclassifiedas ,以及个别住宅,商业楼宇维修,和其她建筑物的废物,被列为建筑废料。Thesewastes are oftenclassifiedas 。Thequantitiesproducedaredifficulttoestimateand variableincomposition,but mayinclude dirt,stones,concrete,bricks,plaster,lumber,shingles, andplumbing,heating,,但是也许涉及泥土,石块,水泥,砖块,灰泥,木材,瓦块,管材管件,暖气设备及电气零件。
Specialwastes 特殊废物
wastessuchasstreet sweepings,roadsidelitter,litterfrommunicipallittercontainers, catch-basindebris,deadanimals,andabandonedvehiclesareclassifiedasspecialwastes. 例如街头杂物,路边的垃圾,都市垃圾的废屑箱,,集水井的碎片,动物尸体,以及被遗弃的车辆都被列为特殊废物。Becauseitisimpossibleto predictwhere deadanimals andabandonedautomobiles willbe found,thesewastesare oftenidentifiedasoriginatingfromnonspecific diffusesources.
由于无法预测动物尸体和被遗弃的汽车一定在哪里,这些废物是常常被列为非特定的扩散来源。Thisisincontrasttoresidentialsources,whichare alsodiffuse butspecificinthatthegenerationofthewastesisa recurring ,它同样是扩散源,但觉得,废物的产生是一种反复发生的事情具体。
Treatment PlantWastes 废物解决厂
Thesolidandsemisolid wastesfromwater,wastewater, ,生活废水和工业废物解决设施,涉及在此分类。Thespecificcharacteristicsofthesematerialsvary,dependingonthenatureofthe ,根据性质拟定解决过程。Atpresent, theircollectionisnotthechargeofmostmunicipalagenciesresponsible forsolid waste ,她们的收集内容不是大多数市政机构负责固体废物管理工作。In thefuture,however,it is anticipatedthattheirdisposalwillbecomea major factorin ,然而,估计它们的处置,将成为一种在任何固体废物管理筹划的重要因素。
Agricultural Wastes 农业废弃物
Wasteandresidues resulting fromdiverseagriculturalactivities---suchastheplantingandharvestingofrow,field,and treeandvinecrops,theproductionofmilk,theproductionofanimals forslaughter, and theoperationof feedlots——are collectively ,例如种植和收获,牧场,树和葡萄作物,生产牛奶,屠宰动物,与饲养场的运作,产生的废物和残存物,统称农业废弃物。At present,thedisposalofthesewastesisnottheresponsibilityofmostmunicipalandcounty solidwastemanagement ,这些废物的处置,不是大多数市,县固体废物管理机构的责任范畴。However,in manyareasthedisposalofanimal manure hasbecomeacriticalproblem,especially ,在许多领域中的动物粪便解决已成为一种严重的问题,特别是饲养场和奶牛场。
HazardousWastes危险废物
Chemical, biological,flammable,explosive,or radioactivewastesthatpose asubstantialdanger,immediatelyorovertime,tohuman,plant,oranimallifeareclassifiedas ,生物,易燃,易爆,放射性废物,它们立即或随着时间的推移,对人类,植物或动物的生活导致重大危险的,是危险废物。Typically,thesewastesoccur asliquids,butthey areoftenfoundintheformofgases,solids,orsludges.
一般,这些废物产生的是液体,但是它们常常被发现以气体,固体,或废渣形式存在。Inallcases, thesewastesmustbehandled anddisposedofwithgreatcareandcaution. 在所有状况下,这些废物必须妥善解决和小心谨慎地处置。
Unit20
Methods ofWasteDisposal废物处置措施
It isinevitablethat astherearedifferent types ofwaste,there will bevaryingmethodsof wastedisposal. 这是不可避免的,既然有不同类别的废物,将有不同限度的废物处置措施。Brieflymostsolid wastes aredeposited on land as tipsorspoilheaps,oraslandinfill toquarriesandmine shafts,,或填充的土地采石场和矿井,或堆放场的材料大范畴。Inaddition,small quantities of ,少量的废物倾入海中。Wasteis producedcontinuallysothere isoftena needforsomesortofstorage 。Inthecase ofsomemineralextractiveindustriessuchasdeepminedcoal,chinaclayandironstone,thereisstorage onthe workingsiteasspoil heaps,butthisiswaste depositionrather ,如深开采煤炭,粘土和铁矿石中国的状况,但在工作场合堆作为存储破坏,但这是废物沉积,而不是解决。Inother industriesthestoredwasteoftenhasto betransportedtodisposal areas 。Alternatively,thestoredwastemaybe treated invariousways ,存储的废物可被视为前以不同的方式解决。Thetreatmentmayreduce thebulk,ormakedisposaleasier,or extractmaterialsthatcan bereused orrecycled backinto ,以便或进行处置,或摘录可再用或循环再造到制造过程的回材料。Inrespectofenvironmentalpollutionthequantity,thetreatment,and ,治疗和废物解决措施是宗座外方传教会的重要性。
MethodsUsedbyLocalAuthorities地方当局使用的措施
ThePublic HealthAct1936enablesLocalAuthoritiestocollect,treat,anddisposeofallrefusefromthe domesticsector,andsuch industrialandtradewasteas requested. 公共健康法1936年使地方当局可以收集,解决和处置都来自国内部门的垃圾,以及工业和贸易等的规定挥霍。In1973,Local AuthoritiesinEnglanddealt Mtonnes of wasteby various methods(seetablel). (见附表)。
About15Mtonnesof thetippedwaste ishouseholdrefuseconsisting ofcinders,ash,dust,vegetable andwastefood matter,paper,board,metal,rags,glass,and plastics,whilsttheremaining sources. 约15M的倾泻公吨废物是生活垃圾构成的炉渣,粉煤灰,粉尘,蔬菜和挥霍粮食的问题,纸张,纸板,金属,破布,玻璃,塑料,而余下的四米半吨是从贸易来源。About86%ofthiswasteis notpretreated an isdisposedof by land this wasteis justdumped inanuncontrolledornon-%,这不是挥霍预解决是一种倾斜的土地处置的。 The other75%isdealt with by controlledtipping. 这些废物的一种季度,只是在无法控制的倾倒或不系统的方式。此外75%是通过控制解决倾泻的。This meansthewasteisdeposited,spread,andcompactedintoshallowlayers,andcovered withsoil toassistdecomposition and ,传播和压缩成浅层,并与土壤,协助分解和密封覆盖。This methodshouldensurethatlooselitter doesnotblowabout,thereisnounpleasantodour,andfliesand vermin donotbreedtoproducea healthhazard. 这种措施应当保证垃圾不松散的打击对,没有任何不快乐的气味,苍蝇和害虫繁殖不产生健康危害。Analternative to tippingis theuseofwasteforland 。Disusedquarries,orlandwhichisderelictbyvirtue ofbeing low-lying andbadlydrained,or derelict asaresultof spoiltips,can bereclaimedby refusein-,或土地是由废弃的正凭借低洼地带及排水不好,或者废弃因素导致的破坏技巧,可以回收的垃圾填。
Theshortageof suitableland fortippingpurposeshas caused someLocal Authoritiestoconsideralternativealternative ,导致某些地方当局考虑其她废物处置的替代措施。Controlledtippingisusuallycheapinrespectof capitalandlabourcosts,butitcanbecomecostlyifhighlypricedlandhas tobepurchased for future , 但它会变得更昂贵,如果高价的土地必须为将来的成本买单。Awayofavoiding this,andassisting landconservation,isto reduce thebulk quantity of thewaste ,和保护土地,就是在倾倒之前大量减少废物的量。Thisallows existingtipstobeusedfora longertime, reduces theneedfornew ones,andreduceslabour costs ,这表白既有的土地,要使用更长的时间,以减少新的需求,并减少劳动力成本。Wastecanbe pretreatedbypulverizing,ormechanicallybreaking it down intosmallerparticle sizes whichcanreduce thebulkbyup to33%,或机械分解成较小的颗粒尺寸下来,可减少多达33%的体积。Whilstthecostofapulverizingplant ishigh,thesalvagingofmaterialsforrecycling,andlesswaste todepositcanhelpto off-setthe initial capital cost. 虽然粉碎设备的成本高,但废物原料可以循环再用,减少废物的寄存,有助于抵消初始资本费用。Another pretreatmentwastetechnique is incineration,whichinvolvescombustionin afurnaceatatemperaturebetween950and1100`Ctominimizecorrosionand theemissionof ,此措施是在温度处在950~1100摄氏度之间的熔炉中燃烧,以减少腐烂和气味的产生。Thisreducesthewastebulkconsiderably,and the processcanreducethe volumeupto90%andtheweightupto 60%, ,这大大减少了废物的体积,这一过程可以体积减少高达90%,重量达60%。Also itis possible to usetheheatenergyproducedforaugmentingelectricalgenerationordistrictheating, and thisis alreadybeing carried ,并且这已经正在某些国家应用。Ithasbeenestimated thatifallthe household andtraderefusecollectedin the UK in1974hadbeenincinerated andthr heatused,thiscouldhave savedenergyequivalentto
,如果1974年英国所收集的家庭和交易市场的垃圾所有用来焚烧并且热能都加以运用,则可以节省相称于600万吨煤的能量。
MethodsUse byindustry
An approximateestimate of theannual amount ofindustrial