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Aestheticjudgementandthemoralimageoftheworld
StudiesinKant
DieterHenrich
StanfordUniversityPress,Stanford,California
***@1992bytheBoardofTrusteesoftheLelandStanfordJuniorUniversity
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
CIPdataappearattheendofthebook
Originalprinting1992
Lastfigurebelowindicatesyearofthisprinting:
030201009998979695
StanfordUniversityPresspublicationsaredis tributedexclusivelybyStanfordUniversityPresswithintheUnitedStates,Canada,andMexico;theyaredistributedexclusivelybyCambridgeUniversityPressthroughouttherestoftheworld.
Preface
THEJOINTPUBLICATIONofthesefourtextsisocca sionedbytheKantLecturesdeliveredin1990atStanfordUni -hundredthanniversaryofKant'sCritiqueofJudg ,IdiscussedtwoofthemostinfluentialtheoriespresentedinthefirstandtheverylastpartofKant'sclassic.
"Kant'sExpla nationofAestheticJudgment,"whichconsidersthetheoryinthefirstpartofCritiqueofJudgment,aimstosolveaproblemtowhicheverystudentofKant'saestheticsisexposed,',thatKanthimselfhadonlyalimitedinsightintothedetailsofhisowntheory,andthathisfullyarticulatedtheorycanstillcontributetocontemporarydebatesinaesthetics.
Thelecturetitled"TheMoralImageoftheWorld,"whichconsidersthetheoryinthelastpartofKant'sclassic,
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intothedevelopmentofKant'smoralphilosophy,anditshowsthatthearchitectureofthethirdCritiquedependsuponachangeinKant'snotionofaphilosophicalsystem,whichinturnemergedfromanimportantchangeinthefoundationofhismoralphilosophy,achangethatoccurredinthecourseofhisworkandreflectionsontheGroundworkoftheMetaphysicsofMorals.
Kant'sconceptionofamoralimageoftheworldneverre ,fromthedaysofhisencounterwithRousseau'sworkon,remainedconvincedofthetruthofRousseau'stenetthat,withoutamoralimageoftheworld,moralconductitselfmustbecomeunstableandbeunder minedbythesuspicionsofthematerialistandthesophist,whoarebothalwaysalreadyoperativeintheordinaryman'smind.
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,andnoattempthasbeenmadetoeliminatethetracesoftheirorigin.
"TheContextsofAutonomy"wasdeliveredatEmoryUni versity,attheconference"RethinkingHumanRights."IthasbeentranslatedbymyformerstudentatHarvard,,JournaloftheAmer icanAcademyofArtsandSciences,Fall1983;theGermanver sionhasbeenpublishedasanappendixtomybookEthikzumnuklearenFrieden(EthicsTowardNuclearPeace;.,1990).ItappearsherecourtesyofDaedalus.
Igavethelecture"TheFrenchRevolutionandClassicalGermanPhilosophy"atWeimarinMay1989,atameetingoftheGoetheAssociation,
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abookletentitledEineRepublikDeutschland(OneRepublicofGermany;.,1990).IthasbeentranslatedbyWayneMartinandSvenBernecker,underthedirectionofProfessorHansSluga.
lutionandtheemergenceofpost-Kantianphilosophyasre sultingfromtheindispensabilityofamoralimageoftheworldanditsjustificationbyfundamentallynewpoliticalideas.
ToemploythenotionofamoralimageoftheworldtwohundredyearsafterKant,yetwithoutignoringtheinsightsandexperiencesofthiscentury,requires,tobesure,far -,atleastinpart,whatthecontentofsuchanimageinourtimemightconsistin.
ThefourlecturescanbejointlyregardedasanattemptbothtoanalyzeKant'swayofreasoningandtocontinueitbytransformingittoapplytoourownquestions.
IamgratefultothePhilosophyDepartmentofStanfordUniversityforitsinvitationanditshospitality,toProfessorEckartForster,whosuggestedthisvolumeforhisseries, neckerfortheirtranslations,andtoHelenTartarandNancyAtkinson,bothofStanfordUniversityPress,whoeditedmyEnglishtexts.
Munich
DieterHenrich
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Contents
IINTERPRETATIONS
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'sExplanationofAestheticJudgment 29
IIAPPLICATIONS
:SomePresuppositionsof
theComprehensibilityofHumanRights 59
:
TowardaDeterminationofTheirRelation 85
ONE
TheMoralImageoftheWorld
THENOTIONOFan“imageoftheworld”hasmanyphilo sophicalimplications,oneofthemclearlyKantian:concep [that],.
Butthesource[=operationsofthemind]fromwhichaworldoriginatesisequallyde ciplebywhichwearecapableofaccountingforaworldremainsindependentofwhatit[=theprin ciple] gation,however,discoversthat,unlessit[=theprin ciple]executestheactivi tiesfromwhichaworldoriginates,theprincipleitselfwouldbeincomprehensible[youmeantheprinciplecreatesitsworldsothatitcouldexplainitsproduct].ThiskindofinvestigationisdistinctivetothemethodofKant’sepistemologythathecalls“transcen dental”:itcanbeshownthattheunityofself-consciousnesscouldnotevenbeconceivedunlessthatveryunityfunctionsasthepointofdepartureforconstitutingaworldofobjects.
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Withthis,wecanunderstandnotonlytheoriginofthisworldbutalsowhythisworldisnaturalandindispensabletousandwhyourknowledgeclaimsaboutitarejustified.
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,theagentandthemoralprinciplesthatreg ulatehisconductagainappeartobeindependentofapartic tionofa“practical”,aswellastheirintentions,,wecanalsoattributetohimbeliefsabouttheworldwithinwhichheactsandtriestoactualizehisintentions.
entandlinkedtogetherintoasinglenetwork,onecancallthem“amoralimageofaworld.”
Butthenwemightpossesstwo(possiblyevenmore)con , tivisticapproach,arguingthatweneedandentertainvarious
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imagesoftheworldconcerningthesameworldlyaffairs,ap parentlydoesnotsuffice, quirements:first,thatitrelatethevariousworldviewsinsomewaythatpreventstheirmultiplicityfromresultinginsheeranarchyorconfusion;second,thatitsurvivebeingex ableandimmunetothechargeofarbitrarinessandirrational ,,oneisentitledtospeakof“themoralimageoftheworld”inthesingular.
’ ,asKantsaysinawell-knownpassage,hehadtolimitknowledgeinordertoprovideroomforbelief, sionoftheproblemsarisingfromthenotionofamoralimageoftheworldcouldverywellpaveawayintoallKant’sphilos ,becauseIwillfocusonthe
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CritiqueofJudgment, velopmentofKant’sthinkingabouttheroleofanethicscon -
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taininganaccountofthemoralimageoftheworldwithinthesystemofphilosophy—asystemthatalsoaimstounderstandindepththeconflictsthataffectandtheforcesthatmotivateabeingbothrationalandhuman.
ThethreeCritiquesasawholewillalwaysappeartotheuninformedreadertobeamonumentalmonolithwithanim ingthat,beforewritingthefirstCritique,Kantoutlinedhisprogramindetail,,forthefundamentaltheoremsofthefirstCritiqueremainunchangedandservecontinuouslyaspremisesinallofKant’,KanthadnodefiniteplansforwritingaseparateCri ,theGroundworkoftheMeta physicsofMoralswasintendedtoprovideafoundationforeth ,,hearrivedatitsconceptiononlyafterhehadwrittenthe“CritiqueofTaste” whichhedidnotconceivebefore1786.
Thesedatawillalreadysufficetodissolvetheinitialim pressionofKant’’sthinkingre , cationsofhisprinciples,butratherthepresentationofthesystemitselfinanew,definitive,andtrulycomprehensiveform.
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Inasense,Kant’ sistsintheepistemologyofthefirstCritiqueandtheconcep ,thesystemhastobearrivedatthroughanascent—notbymeansofalogicalderivationfromasetofpossiblyintuitivelyconvincingpremises.
Itcaneasilybeseenthatontheonehandthisconceptionofthemethodofsystematicphilosophyand
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pectthatacorrectunder