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国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
TheNatureofIntermodalism
Competitionbetweenthemodeshastendedtoproduceatransportsystemthatissegmentedandun-,service,-,(asintheUnitedStatesbeforederegulation),orhasplacedamodeunderdirectstatemonopolycontrol(asinEurope).Modalismwasalsofavoredbecauseofthedifficultiesoftransferringgoodsfromonemodetoanother,therebyincurringadditionalterminalcostsanddelays.
Intermodalismoriginatedinmaritimetransportation,withthedevelopmentofthecontainerinthelate1960'.
FirstContainership,Ideal-X,1956
OnApril26th1956,theIdeal-XleftthePortofNewark,NewJerseytothePortHouston,Texas,-feet(8feetwideby8feethigh)containers,alongwitharegularloadof15,(1914-2001),atruckingmagnatewhosawthetremendouspotentialofcontainerization,-sizedshiptheconventionalwaywascosting$,loadingtheIdeal-Xwascostinglessthan$,McLeanfoundedSeaLand,amajorcontainershippingline,whichwaspurchasedin1999byMaersk,theworld',whenitwasscrapped.
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
Sincethe1960smajoreffortshavebeenmadetointegrateseparatetransportsystemsthroughintermodalism,,theline-hauleconomiesofrailmaybeexploitedforlongdistances,,ratherthanasaseriesoflegs,eachmarkedbyanindividualoperationwithseparatesetsofdocumentationandrates.
:FromFragmentationtoCoordination
Factor
Cause
Consequence
Technology
Containerization&IT
Modalandintermodalinnovations;Trackingshipmentsandmanagingfleets
Capitalinvestments
Returnsoninvestments
Highscostsandlongamortization;Improveutilizationtolessencapitalcosts
AlliancesandM&A
Deregulation
Easiercontractualagreements;jointownership
Commoditychains
Globalization
Coordinationoftransportationandproduction(integrateddemand)
Networks
Consolidationandinterconnection
Multiplyingeffect
Thenotionofintegratedtransportsystemsreceivedalotofattention,particularlywithimprovementsinthecapacity,-:
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
(1)Technology
,suchaspost-panamaxcontainershipsordouble-stackingtrains,(technical)assetsrequiresoft(management),-commercehasparticularlyreceivedattention.
(2)Capitalintensivesector
,particularlyterminals,hastobespreadoverasignificanttimeperiod,,,,intermodalprojectshavepotentiallyalowercapitalrisk.
(3)Newformsofrelationships
(1979),theStaggersAct(1980),theMotorCarrierAct(1980)andtheOceanShippingAct(1984),mainlyinmaritimeandrailtransportation,butalsomodalandintermodalalliances.
(4)Globalcommoditychains
Globalizationhaspermittedtheemergenceofastructureofproduction,,transportdemandshouldincreasinglybeconsideredasintegrated.
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
(5)Networks
Finally,,.
EvolutionofIntermodalIntegration
Itcanbearguedthatthreemajorparadigmshiftshavetakenplacewithincontainerizedfreightdistributionsystems:
(1)Containerizationofmaritimetransportsystems.
Atfirst,,dominantlyrelyingontrucking,,maritimeservicestendedtobeonapoint-to-pointbasisandbetweenmajorports.
(2)Containerizationofinlandtransportsystems.
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
Containerizationmovedinland,mainlyinanattempttoimprovethecontinuityalreadyestablishedwithinmaritimetransportation,,theshiftfromconventionalandhighlyirregularbargeservicestoscheduledandreliablecontainerservicesinthesecondhalfofthe1970sgaveimpetustoafastcontainerizationprocessalongtheRhinebasinuptothemainportsofRotterdamandAntwerp.
(3)Intermodalandtransmodaloperations.
Sincecontainerizationhasexpandedtocovermaritimeandinlandtransportsystems,,thegrowthincontainerizedshipmentsplacedadditionalpressuresonintermodaltransportsystems,,whichinmanycasesresultedinthesettingoflargeinlandfreightdistributioncenters(inlandports).
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
Fourmajorfunctionsdefineanintermodaltransportchain:
(1)Composition.
Theprocessofassemblingandconsolidatingfreightataterminalthatoffersanintermodalinterfacebetweenalocal/regionaldistributionsystemandanational/"firstmile".Ideally,-to-,whichiscloselylinkedwiththefunctionofproduction.
(2)Connection.
Involvesaconsolidatedmodalflow,suchasafreighttrainoracontainership(orevenfleetsoftrucks),betweenatleasttwoterminals,,suchasdoublestackingorpost-panamaxcontainerships,coupledwithanadequatefrequencyofservice.
(3)Interchange.
,withports(transshipmenthubs)beingthemostnotableexample.
(4)Decomposition.
Oncealoadoffreighthasreachedaterminalclosetoitsdestination,ithastobefragmentedandtransferredtothelocal/"lastmile",whichislinkedwiththe
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
国际多式联运与集装箱运输
functionofconsumption,dominantlyoccurswithinmetropolitanareasandinvolvesuniquedistributionproblemsalsoknownasurbanlogistics.
:IntermodalandTransmodalOperations
Fromafunctionalandoperationalperspective,twocomponentsareinvolvedinintermodalism:
,commonlytakingplaceataterminalspecificallydesignedforsuchapurpose.
"pure"transmodaltransportationrarelyexistsandanintermodaloperationisoftenrequired(),thepurposeistoinsurecontinuitywithinthenetwork.
Thefunctionoftransshipmentisofcoreimportanceincontemporaryfreightdistributionasitisconcomitantlyanintermodalandatrans-,;;-,,particularlytheirportandrailterminalssegments,,intramodaltransshipmentsarecomparativelyuncovered,themainreasonbeingthatuntilrecentlytheymainlytookplacewithinfragmentedandregulatednationaltransp