文档介绍：本科毕业设计(论文)
外文翻译
原文:
What cooperatives do
By Charles Ling, Ag Economist Cooperative Programs USDA Rural Development
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Editor’s note: This article is a sequel to “What Cooperatives Are (and Aren’t),”
Rural Cooperatives, Volume 76, Number 6, November/December 2009.
The year 2012 has been declared by the United Nations General Assembly as the International Year of Cooperatives in order to highlight the contribution of cooperatives to socioeconomic development worldwide. That same year also will be the 90th anniversary of the publication of “Economic Philosophy of Cooperation,” the first academic paper on the theory of cooperation, published in the American Economic Review (Nurse, 1922; Hess). The piece was written by Edwin G. Nurse, who later became the first chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, Executive Office of the President, 1946-49.
This may be an opportune time to review Nourse’s ideas on cooperation and see if they have relevance to the reality of the market performance of cooperatives today and, therefore, if they deserve to be relearned. Nourse’s primary focus, along with the oft-quoted “brief remarks” he made years later (Nourse, 1945), was on the role agricultural cooperatives played in the marketplace. This arose from his observation that the attempt to apply the cooperative form anization to economic needs and problems in agriculture was critically important.
Purposes of cooperation
The following examples are taken from Nourse’s paper to illustrate how anize cooperatives to perform various market functions jointly and efficiently in various market situations — functions that cannot be satisfactorily carried out alone by individual farmers:
1) Cooperation for market access — An example is a small fruit-producing area far from any large market. The product is perishable, hence both risk and marketing expense are high. Volume is not large enough to attract a private distributor. Facing this situation, producers hav