文档介绍：Individual Learner Differences
Factors listed as influencing individual learner differences in Language learning in three surveys
Altman (1980)
Skehan (1989)
Larsen-Freeman & Long (1991)
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Previous experience
with language learning
4. Proficiency in the native
language
5. personality factors
6. Language aptitude
7. Attitudes and motivation
8. General intelligence (IQ)
9. Sense modality preference
10. Sociological preference
(. Learning with peers vs. learning with the teacher)
11. Cognitive styles
12. Learner strategies
1. Language aptitude
2. Motivation
3. language learning
strategies
4. Cognitive and effective factors
a. extroversion/introversion
b. risk-taking
c. intelligence
d. field independence
e. anxiety
1. Age
2. Socio-psychological factors
a. motivation
b. attitude
3. Personality
a. self-esteem
b. extroversion
c. anxiety
d. risk-taking
e. sensitivity to rejection
f. empathy
g. inhibition
h. tolerance of ambiguity
4. Cognitive style
a. field independence
b. field dependence
c. reflexivity/impulsivity
d. aural/visual
e. analytic/gestalt
5. Hemisphere specialization
6. Learning strategies
7. Other factors . memory, sex
(1)
Individual learner differences
- beliefs about language learning
- affective states
- general factors
Learning processes
and mechanisms
(2)
learner strategies
(3)
Language learning
es
- on proficiency
- on achievement
-on rate of acquisition
A framework for investigating individual learner differences
Classifications
1) Chastain (1975): “affective and ability factors”
2) Gardner (1979): “attitudinal and motivational characteristics”
3) Hawkey (1982): “affective, cognitive, and social factors”
4) Ellis (1994): personal and general factors
1. Anxiety
of anxiety
Duly (1982):
anxiety of ability:
the general tendency of anxiety occurring in SLA learning
anxiety of state:
the anxiety occurring in particular learning situations
trait anxiety:
“a more permanent predisposition to be anxious”(S