文档介绍：Chapter 18
Biomolecules: Carbohydrates
Classification of Carbohydrates
Configurations of harides
Cyclic Structures of harides:
Hemiacetal Formation
haride Anomers
Mutarotation
Reactions of harides
harides
Carbohydrate:
(碳水化合物)
Cm(H2O)n
Glucose:
(葡萄糖)
C6H12O6 C6(H2O)6
Poly-hydroxylated aldehydes and ketones
Sugars:
The sugar,
Starch,
Cellulose
Nucleic acid
harides: a simple carbohydrate
that can’t be converted into smaller sugar
by hydrolysis.
Photosynthesis:
(光合作用)
Cellulose,
starch
Carbohydrates
harides
(simple sugars)
(单糖)
harides
(寡糖)
harides
(多糖)
Ex. Glucose, fructose(果糖)
P441,
Classification of Carbohydrates
An haride yields 3-10 ha-
rides units on hydrolysis.
Ex.: Sucrose(蔗糖)
Table sugar
Sucrose (C12H22O11) + H2O
Glucose (C6H12O6) + Fructose (C6H12O6)
haride (双糖)
harides : hydrolyzed to more than
10 haride units.
Ex.:
Cellulose
hydrolysis
~3000 Glucose
Polyhydroxy
aldehydes
Polyhydroxy
ketones
harides
Aldoses
(醛糖)
Ketoses
(酮糖)
-ose: carbohydrate;
The nature of
the carbonyl group
Aldo-
Keto-
harides: tri-, tetr-, pent-, hex-
and so on.
Glucose
(an aldohexose)
(己醛糖)
Fructose
(an ketohexose)
(己酮糖)
(an aldopentose)
(戊醛糖)
Ribose
(核糖)
Configurations of harides
D and L Designation of harides
Turn 90°
*
Glyceraldehyde
(甘油醛)
(+)-
(R)-
D-Glyceraldehyde
*
L-Glyceraldehyde
(S)-(-)-Glyceraldehyde
D: dextrorotation
L: levorotation
P445,
L-Glyceraldehyde
D-Glyceraldehyde
(D)-Ribose
(D)-Glucose
(D)-Fructose
(D)-Glucose
(L)-Glucose
(D)-Fructose
(L)-Fructose
In Fischer projection, the -OH group at the lowest
stereocenter: (D) for right; (L) for left.
Cyclic Structures of harides:
Hemiacetal Formation
Intramolecular nucleophilic addition:
the formation of a five- or six- membered
cyclic hemiacetal.
D-Glucose
D-Glucose, pyranose
(吡喃糖)
Haworth projection
P450
Sir (Walter) Norman
Haworth
1883-1950
Haworth made basic contributions to