文档介绍：CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrate - polyhydroxy aldehyde, ketones and their derivatives.
Functions - structure material storage material for carbon and energy.
CONCEPTS OF ISOMERS
Two or more pounds which contain the same number and types of atoms and the same molecular weights.
 
Projection formula (spatial arrangement to represent 3-dimensional structure):
D-glyceraldehyde (hydroxy group at the highest numbered asymmetric carbon atom is written to the right):
L-glyceraldehyde (hydroxy group at the highest numbered asymmetric carbon atom is written to the left):
D-Erythrose is the mirror image of L-Erythrose.
Glyceraldehydes: pounds of harides
D-Glyceraldehyde L-Glyceraldehyde
D-Erythrose L-Threose
POLARIMETER
Dextrorotatory -plane polarized light rotated to clockwise (or to the right)
Levoratatory - plane polarized light rotated to counterclockwise.
FISHER PROJECTION FORM
Anomeric Carbon --- The carbon atom which is involved in hemiacetal or acetal formation.
Anomers: Stereoisomers formed when ring is formed (a, b).
a is same side with ring
HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULAS FOR SUGARS
a - D - Glucopyranose
HO
C
O
CH
2
OH
C
H
HO
H
H
C
OH
C
H
H
C
OH
HO
OH
C
H
H
C
OH
C
H
H
HO
H
C
CH
2
OH
O
C
C
O
CH
2
OH
C
H
HO
H
H
C
OH
C
H
H
C
OH
OH
C
O
CH
2
OH
OH
C
H
HO
H
H
C
OH
C
H
OH
H
C
OH
OH
C
H
H
C
OH
C
H
H
HO
H
C
CH
2
OH
O
C
-D-Glucofuranose
(%)
a
a
-D-Glucopyranose
(35%)
-D-Glucofuranose
(%)
b
b
-D-Glucopyranose
(%)
Aldehydo-D-glucose
(%)
HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULAS FOR SUGARS
HARIDE
Hexoses
1. Glucose (dextrose) --- rotate the polarized light to the right.