文档介绍：第一章
什么是现代经济学
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经济、经济学和经济学家
•经济学(Economics)
基本观察:资源的稀缺性
研究社会对稀缺资源的管理,从而研究
•人们的经济行为(人们如何做决策)
•社会的经济现象(人们决策的相互作用)
•现代经济学在当代中国的特殊位置
对政府政策的影响
对企业的影响
对社会舆论的影响
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经济学的三类问题
1. 人们如何作出决策
How People Make Decisions
2. 人们如何相互作用
How People Interact
3. 整体经济如何运行
How the Economy as a Whole Works
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经济学的十个原理
人们如何作出决策
How People Make Decisions
1. 人们面临得失交换(权衡取舍)People face
tradeoffs.
2. 某物的成本是为此所放弃的东西The cost of
something is what you give up to get it.
3. 理性人思考边际量Rational people think at the
margin.
4. 人们会对激励作出反应People respond to
incentives.
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经济学的十个原理
人们如何相互作用
How People Interact
5. 贸易能使人人收益Trade can make
everyone better off.
6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的好方式Markets
are usually a good way anize
economic activity.
7. 政府有时可以改进市场结果Governments
can sometimes improve market
es.
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经济学的十个原理
整体经济如何运行
How the Economy as a Whole Works
standard of
living depends on a country’s production.
9. 当政府发行了过多的货币时,物价上涨Prices
rise when the government prints too much
money.
10. 社会面临通货膨胀和失业之间的在短期得失交换
Society faces a short-run tradeoff between
inflation and unemployment.
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1. 人们面临得失交换
People face tradeoffs
“没有免费的午餐”
“There is no such thing
as a free lunch!”
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1. 人们面临得失交换
People face tradeoffs.
为了得到一样东西,不得不放弃另一
样东西To get one thing, we usually
have to give up another thing.
食品和衣服Food v. clothing
闲遐和工作Leisure time v. work
效率和平等Efficiency v. equity
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1. 人们面临得失交换
People face tradeoffs.
效率和平等
Efficiency v. Equity
效率:社会从稀缺资源中获得最多(饼的大小)
Efficiency means society gets the most that it
can from its scarce resources.
平等:收益在社会成员中公平分配(饼的分割)
Equity means the benefits of those resources
are distributed fairly among the members of
society.
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2. 某物的成本是为此而放弃的东西
The cost of something is what you
give up to get it.
做决定是需要权衡选择之间的成本和收益
Decisions paring costs and benefits of
alternatives.
上大学还是工作Whether to go to college or to work?
学习还是约会Whet