文档介绍：英汉语序的异同
语序的基本功能是构建语法结构来支持语义结构,它是语言成分按语法关系形成的组合性序列(syntagmatic ordering of elements)。这种序列是线性的、横向的,由此而体现语言的“结构”。英汉语序对比是一个非常复杂的课题,主要体现在以下几个方面:
一、英语语序的特征
(强制性):英语语序的稳定性在印欧语系中比较突出,主要表现在以SV稳态结构为基础的基本句占优势。

1) 语序变通有结构性的,称为“结构变位”,即体现特定语法关系的强制性语序位移,由常位到变位,主要指SVO词法常项论元变异。结构性语序变通是特定的,具有语法规范性,如以下变通属于结构性:
(1)疑问句的VS序列 Will she go?
或 Are you?
(2)引导间接或直接引语的VS序列
a. “Why should we celebrate a failure?” asked he
b. Many quit school soon, said another.
(3)句首否定性副词后的VS序列
Never did I hear him say “enough”.
Nor was this all.
(4)句首否定式的OVS序列
Not a hint, however, did she drop about sending me to school.
No knowledge can one get from a book which requires no thought from its readers.
(5)表示假设语气的VS序列
Were John here now, he would explain the whole matter.
Had the electronic band played any longer, my floor would have been made jump.
2)语序变通还有功能性的,称为“功能变位”,即体现特定语境关系中的非强制性语序位移,指S,V,O常项及C,A变项各论元的诸多分布模式。功能性变通常具有周遍性,体现的是句首强调,句中很多词类都可以居于强调位,去掉强调后又可复位于常规语序,如:
(1)VS式(动词句首式功能性倒装)
Came days of storm, days and nights of storm,…
在现代英语中,动词主位除了表示强调外,还常常带有文体色彩,注意英语中用状语——动词主位式比仅仅用动词做句首的情况更多一些:
In went Mr. Pickwick.
Heavily falling is the snow, the snow of a packing kind.
铺天盖地地下着雪,(你伸出手来)一抓就是一把
(2)ASV式(状语主位式功能性倒装)
英语中状语语序的灵活性很大,因此ASV类功能性倒装是大量的,也最有可能与汉语这类语序变异获得对应,如:
Eagerly I wished the tomorrow.
急切地,我期待着翌日的来临。
我急切地期待着翌日的来临。
b. By doing nothing we learn to do ill.
无所事事使人学坏。
做坏事者乃因无所事事。
c. My dearest