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Physical Constants
Quantity Value Conductivity (σ)
Electron charge e ( 177 33 000 46) 10 19 C
− Material σ, S/m Material σ, S/m
= ± × 31
Electron mass m ( 389 7 005 4) 10− kg
= ± × Silver 107 Nichrome 107
Permittivity of free space 187 817 10 12 F/m
0 −× 7 × 4
= 7 × Copper 10 Graphite 7 10
Permeability of free space µ0 4π10− H/m × ×
= Gold 107 Silicon 2300
Velocity of light c 924 58 108 m/s ×
= × Aluminum 107 Ferrite (typical) 100
×
Tungsten 107 Water (sea) 5
×
Dielectric Constant (r ) and Loss Tangent (/) 7 2
Zinc 10 Limestone 10−
× 7 3
Material r / Brass 10 Clay 5 10−
× 7 × 3
Air Nickel 10 Water (fresh) 10−
× 7 4
Alcohol, ethyl 25 Iron 10 Water (distilled) 10−
× 7 5
Aluminum oxide 6 Phosphor bronze 1 10 Soil (sandy) 10−
Amber × 7 6
Solder 10 Granite 10−
Bakelite × 7 8
Carbon steel 10 Marble 10−
Barium titanate 1200 × 7 9
German silver 10 Bakelite 10−
Carbon dioxide ×
Manganin 107 Porcelain (dry process) 10 10
Ferrite (NiZn) 25 × −
Constantan 107 Diamond 2 10 13
Germanium 16 × × −
Germanium 107 Polystyrene 10 16
Glass 4–7 × −
Stainless steel 107 Quartz 10 17
Ice × −
Mica 6
Neoprene
Nylon
Paper 3
Plexiglas
Polyethylene 2
Polypropylene 3
Polystyrene 05
Porcelain (dry process) 6
Pyranol 5
Pyrex glass 4 6
Relative Permeability (µr )
Quartz (fused) 75
Rubber –3 Material µr Material µr
Silica or SiO2 (fused) 75 Bismuth 998 6 Powdered iron 100
Silicon Paraffin 999 42 Machine steel 300
Snow Wood 999 5 Ferrite (typical) 1000
Sodium chloride 1 Silver 999 81