文档介绍：Principles of Surface-based Microwave and
Millimeter wave Radiometric Remote Sensing
of the Troposphere
Ed R. Westwater1, Susanne Crewell2, Christian Mätzler3, and
Domenico Cimini1,4
Abstract - Surface-based radiometric measurements of tropospheric
parameters have long provided useful measurements of temperature, water
vapor, and cloud liquid. In this paper, a general overview of physical
fundamentals, measurement techniques, and retrieval methodology is given.
Then several contemporary instruments are discussed and representative
results are presented. Recent and promising developments include multi-
frequency radiometers, scanning observations of clouds, bined active-
passive remote sensing. The primary applications of these new technologies are
weather forecasting and climate, communications, geodesy and long-baseline
interferometry, satellite data validation, air-sea interaction, and fundamental
molecular physics. The work presented here updates and extends the reviews
published in [11] and [37].
I. INTRODUCTION
Surface-based radiometric measurements of atmospheric thermal emission are
useful in a variety of meteorological applications, including meteorological
observations and forecasting, communications, geodesy and long-baseline
interferometry, satellite validation, climate, air-sea interaction, and fundamental
molecular physics. One reason for the utility of these measurements is that with
careful design, radiometers can be operated in a long-term unattended mode in
nearly all weather conditions [1, 2, 3]. An important feature is the nearly continuous
observational capability on time scales of seconds to minutes. The measurements
can enable the continued development of absorption and radiative transfer models in
both clear [4, 5] and cloudy [6] atmospheres. This development has been greatly
aided by long-term, carefully calibrated radiometer measurements, supplemented by
frequent radiosonde re