文档介绍：MedicinalNaturalProducts. Paul M Dewick
Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ISBNs: 0471496405 (Hardback); 0471496413 (paperback); 0470846275 (Electronic)
6
ALKALOIDS
Alkaloids are classified according to the amino acid that provides both the nitrogen atom and the funda-
mental portion of the alkaloid skeleton, and these are discussed in turn. Ornithine gives rise to pyrrolidine
and tropane alkaloids, lysine to piperidine, quinolizidine, and indolizidine alkaloids, and nicotinic acid
to pyridine alkaloids. Tyrosine produces phenylethylamines and simple tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids,
but also many others in which phenolic oxidative coupling plays an important role, such as modified ben-
zyltetrahydroisoquinoline, hylisoquinoline, terpenoid tetrahydroisoquinoline, and Amaryllidaceae
alkaloids. Alkaloids derived from tryptophan are subdivided into simple indole, simple β-carboline,
terpenoid indole, quinoline, pyrroloindole, and ergot alkaloids. Anthranilic acid acts as a precursor to
quinazoline, quinoline and acridine alkaloids, whilst histidine gives imidazole derivatives. However,
many alkaloids are not derived from an amino acid core, but arise by amination of another type of
substrate, which may be acetate derived, phenylalanine derived, a terpene or a steroid, and examples are
discussed. Purine alkaloids are constructed by pathways that resemble those for purines in nucleic acids.
Monograph topics giving more detailed information on medicinal agents include belladonna, stramo-
nium, hyoscyamus, duboisia and allied drugs, hyoscyamine, hyoscine and atropine, coca, lobelia, vitamin
B3, o, areca, catecholamines, lophophora, curare, opium, colchicum, ipecacuanha, galanthamine,
serotonin, psilocybe, rauwolfia, catharanthus, iboga, nux-vomica, ellipticine, cinchona, camptothecin,
physostigma, ergot, morning glories, pilocarpus, Conium maculatum, ephedra, khat, aconite, Solanum
alkaloids, caffeine, theobromine and theophyll