文档介绍：物理化学知识点总结[物理化学知识点归纳]目录第一章热力学第一定律···············································································(1)第二章热力学第二定律···············································································(3)第三章化学势·······························································································(7)第四章化学平衡·························································································(10)第五章多相平衡·························································································(12)第六章统计热力学基础·············································································(14)第七章电化学·····························································································(16)第八章表面现象与分散系统·····································································(20)第九章化学动力学基本原理·····································································(24)第十章复合反应动力学·············································································(27)物理化学知识点归纳根据印永嘉物理化学简明教程第四版编写,红色的公式要求重点掌握,蓝色的公式掌握。第一章热力学第一定律本章讨论能量的转换和守恒,其目的主要解决变化过程的热量,求功的目的也是为了求热。,对于封闭系统,其数学表达式为∆U=Q+W微小过程变化:dU=δQ+δW只作体积功:dU=δQ−pedV理想气体的内能只是温度的函数。:δWV=−p外dVWV=−∫p外dVV1V2外压为0(向真空膨胀,向真空蒸发):WV=0;恒容过程:WV=0恒外压过程:WV=−p外(V2−V1)恒压过程:WV=−p(V2−V1)可逆过程:WV=−∫V2V1pdV(主要计算理想气体等温可逆、绝热可逆过程的功),为了方便,定义一个新的函数焓:H=U+pV焓是状态函数,是广度性质,具有能量,本身没有物理意义,在等压下没有非体积功的热效应等于焓的改变量。等容热容:CV=δQV⎛∂U⎞=⎜⎟dT⎝∂T⎠V等压热容:Cp=δQp⎛∂H⎞=⎜⎟dT⎝∂T⎠p对于理想气体:Cp−CV=、Q、∆U、∆-汤姆逊系数µ=⎜⎛∂T⎞1⎛∂H⎞=−⎟⎜⎟,用于判断气体节流膨胀时的温度变化。pCp∂∂⎝⎠H⎠Tp⎝:Qp=∆H不做非体积功的等容过程:QV=∆U化学反应等压热效应与等容热效应的关系:Qp−QV=∆ngRT由标准摩尔生成焓求标准摩尔反应焓变:∆rHm=\\()∑υBBB\∆fHm(B)\∆cHm(B)由标准摩尔燃烧焓求标准摩尔反应焓变:∆rHm=−∑υB∆rHm(T2)=∆rHm(T1)+∫∆rCpdTT1T2用于计算在其它温度下的反应热。第二章热力学第二定律本章主要讨论过程的方向和限度问题,注意每种判据的使用条件。=WQhTcThTcTh−Tc可逆热机的效率:η=1−Carnot热机逆转,便成为理想的制冷机,其冷冻系数为:β=Carnot定理:ηir≤:开尔文说法:“不可能从单一热源吸热使其完全转化为功而不而不留下任何其他变化”,或者说:“第二类永动机不可能造成”。Clausius说法:“不可能将热从低温物体传向高温物体而不留下任何其他变化”。——Clausius不等式∆SA→B−∑i