文档介绍：语言学知识点
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I 语言学导论
II 语言学主要分支学科
III 语言学的流派和理论
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I 语言学导论
1. design feature of language
（语言的定义特征）
2. Language Families (世界语言分类)
3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念)
4. scope of linguistics
(语言学的研究范围)
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1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征)
defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
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1. design feature of language语言定义特征
1)Arbitrariness（任意性）
2)Duality(二层性)
3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)
4)Displacement（移位性）
5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
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1）Arbitrariness(任意性):
定义：the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
举例：
书, book, livre
喜欢，like，aimer
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2）Duality（二层性）:
定义：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses
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3） Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:
定义：Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality
举例1：/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park
举例2：England, defeated, France
England defeated France.
France defeated England.
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4）Displacement（替代性）:
定义：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.
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5） Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）:
定义：language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.
反例：印度狼孩
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