文档介绍：FS 被 investor 和 creditor 有用, 还有 gov regulator , tax authority 和其他, 提供 short-term liquidity, long-term earning power, growth opportunity 和 asset position of the firm. 还应该是 relevent , timely , reliable , material 和 consistent 允许 time-series 和 cross-sectional 比较。 The Financial Account Standards Board(FASB) 是美国的,建立了 Generally Accepted Accounting Principle(GAAP) The anization of mission(IOSC) 建立跨过的 disclosure 标准 The International Accounting Standards Board(IASB) 目标是提供 international uniformity, 虽然没有执行力,但很多国家还是采用 IASB GAAP 除了 Balance sheet , e statement 和 statement of cash flow ,分析师还应该看 financial statement footnotes , statement prehensive e , statement of stockholders ’ equity , proxy statement , supplementary schedules 和 management dicision and analysis(MD&A). 独立 auditor 有 doubts , 就说 qualified opinion ; auditor 能提供 reasonable assuranc e 证明报表没有 material misstatement ,就说 unqualified revenue 和 expense 在 earn 和 incur 时候就实现了, 不管 cash flow 是什么时候。 matching principle 要求 expense 在 revenue 实现的同时记录。实现 revenue 的条件, completion of the earning process 和 assuance of payment 实现 revenue 的方法, sale basis method,percentage-pletion pleted contract method, installment sales method,cost recovery method unusual or infrequent items: 是 pre-tax e from continuing operation s 之前。线上 gains of losses from 关掉 business segment gains of losses from 下属公司卖 assets or investments provisions for environmental remediation impairments, write-offs, write-downs 和 restructuring costs integration expense 跟收购有关 Extrodinary items: of taxes e from continuing operation 之后。线下 losses from expropriation of assets uninsured losses from natural disasters discontinued operation :是管理层决定 dispose of 但还没做或当年没做,在 operation 已经有 e 或者 loss 之后。必须在实质上与公司别的活动不一样。 of tax ,在线下 accounting change ,累积效应,是 after tax basis 在线下,通常不需要 restate 历史,除非: 1. 库存会计方法改变 2. 改变(to/from)full-cost method, 比如油气开采 3. 改变(to/from)percentage-pletion method 前的任何改变操纵 earnings 和 managerial discretion ,4 种操纵方法: of good/bad news, 好消息放在线上,坏消息放在