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. Coppel
Number Theory
An Introduction to Mathematics
Second Edition
. Coppel
3 Jansz Crescent
2603 Griffith
Australia
Editorial board:
Sheldon Axler, San Francisco State University
Vincenzo Capasso, Università degli Studi di Milano
Carles Casacuberta, Universitat de Barcelona
Angus MacIntyre, Queen Mary, University of London
h Ribet, University of California, Berkeley
Claude Sabbah, CNRS, École Polytechnique
Endre Süli, University of Oxford
Wojbor Woyczynski,´ Case Western Reserve University
ISBN 978-0-387-89485-0 e-ISBN 978-0-387-89486-7
DOI -0-387-89486-7
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009931687
Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 11-xx, 05B20, 33E05
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For Jonathan, Nicholas, Philip and Stephen
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition ....................................... xi
Part A
I The Expanding Universe of Numbers ............................ 1
0 Sets,RelationsandMapp