文档介绍：IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT, VOL. 51, NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2004 409
From Engineering Management/R&D Management,
to the Management of Innovation, to Exploiting and
Exploring Over s: 50 Years of Research
Initiated by the IEEE-TEM
Michael L. Tushman
S an electrical engineering (EE) student in the late 1960s depth in important engineering management and R&D man-
A I worked as a co-op student from Northeastern Univer- agement domains, yet little help in developing an integrated
sity at the General pany. At that time, General point of view on what happened to General Radio. Engineering
Radio, the historically dominant test-pany, was management seemed a necessary but not sufficient research
rapidly losing share and profits to newer, quite entrepreneurial domain to fully understand innovation management.
test-equipment firms like HP, Tektronics, Fluke, and Keithly. Perhaps the beginning of a shift to a prehen-
As a young engineer, I was struck with the inconsistencies of sive approach to innovation management was initiated by Bill
working in a firm with great engineers and great engineering Abernathy in his book The Productivity Dilemma (1978). In a
management that was simultaneously being out-innovated and, marvelously detailed piece of research, Abernathy untangled
in turn, losing customer confidence and market share. General the strategic, innovation, lead