文档介绍：后格莱斯
I. The weak points of Grice’s Cooperative Principle
Sperber and Wilson(1986) has challenged the cooperative pand Wilson’s Idea
The speaker not only has to clearly express that he has information to offer, but also to express that what he has conveyed has relevance to the topic concerned.
交际中，说话人不仅要表明他有某种信息要传递，更要表明他所提供的信息有某种关联。
Sperber and Wilson’s Idea
It is this relevance that makes the recipients able to calculate the reasonable implicature.
正是这种关联使得人们对说话人的意图作出合理的推导，达到对话语的正确理解。
Sperber and Wilson’s Idea
Cooperative principle in itself can not explain why people are often so indirect in conveying what they mean; and what is the relation between sense and form when non-declarative types of sentence are being considered.
合作原则只解释了字面意义和实际意义之间的关系，却没有解释为什么人们常要违反合作原则，以含蓄的、间接的方式表达思想、进行交流。
An example:
Parent: Someone’s eaten the icing off the cake.
Child: It wasn’t ME.
家长没有直接责备孩子，而是用了一个不定代词 Someone ，仅仅说“有人”吃了蛋糕上的糖粉，违反了数量准则，目的是为了维护礼貌原则。
Leech ’s Politeness Principles
II. Horn’s Two Principles of Conversational Implicature
a)数量原则(Q-principle)（基于听话人）
Make your contribution sufficient要使你的话语充分
Say as much as you can (based on the principle of relevance)能说多少就尽量说多少
II. Horn’s Two Principles of Conversational Implicature
b)关系原则(R-principle)
（基于说话人）
Make your contribution necessary
要使你的话语只是必需的
Say no more than you must. (based on the principle of quantity)
不说多于所要求说的话
II. Horn’s Two Principles of Conversational Implicature
In fact, the quantity principle prescribes the upper limit on the utterance interpretation while the relevance principles prescribes the lower limit on the utterance interpretation.
II. Horn’s Two Principles of Conversational Implicature
Based on the quantity principle, the listener wants the speaker to provide adequate information and to say as much as he can.
If the information provided has reached an upper limit, it will help the listener to figure out the implicature that the upper limit allows.
II. Horn’s Two