高中化学会考知识点.doc

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Highschoolchemistryessentialknowledgepoint
1,valence(commonelementvalence):
Alkalimetals,Ag,H:+1,F:-1
Ca,Mg,Ba,Zn:+2,Cl:-1,+1,+5,+7
Cu:+1,+2,O:-2
Fe:+2,+3,S:-2,+4,+6
Al:+3P:-3,+3,+5
Mn:+2,+4,+6,+7,N:-3,+2,+4,+5

Definition:theelectrontransfer(orvalence)reaction
Electrontransfer(includingthegainandlossofelectrons)
Feature:valencelifting
Theoxidizingagent(oxidising)-electron-valenceisreduced,thereductionproductdecline
Thereducingagent(reducibility)-Electronic-rise-oxidation-valenceoxidationproducts
Formula:--drop-(was)-oxidantreduction
Lossascension--(by)oxidation-reducingagent
3,metalactivityordertable
K,Ca,Na,Mg,Al,Zn,Sn,Fe,Pb(H),Cu,Hg,Ag,,Pt,Au
Graduallydiminished
4,ionreaction
Definition:reactionsinvolvingions
Electrolyte:acompoundthatconductselectricityinanaqueoussolutionorinamoltenstate
Nonelectrolyte:acompoundthatcannotconductelectricityinanaqueoussolutionorinamoltenstate
Thewritingofionicequations:
Step1:
Thesecondstep:,easilyionizedsubstancessplitintoionsform;insoluble(suchasCaCO3,BaCO3,BaSO4,AgCl,AgBr,AgI,Mg(OH)2,Al(OH)3,Fe(OH)2,Fe(OH)3,Cu(OH)2),hardionization(H2CO3,H2S,CH3COOH,HClO,H2SO3,NH3?H2OandH2O),gas(CO2,SO2,NH3,Cl2,O2,H2),(Na2O,MgO,Al2O3oxide,etc.)isnotremoved
Thethirdstep:
Thefourthstep:,whetherthechargeisconserved
Determinationofioncoexistence:
Whetherprecipitationoccurs(+andSO42-,Fe2+andOH-);
Areweakelectrolytesgenerated(+andOH-,H+andCH3COO-)?
Whethergasisgenerated(+andCO32-,H+andSO32-)
Whetherredoxreactionsoccur(.,H+,NO3-andFe2+/I-,Fe3+andI-)
5,exothermicreactionandendothermicreaction
Chemicalreactionsmustbeaccompaniedbychangesinenergy.
Exothermicreaction:thetotalenergyofthereactantisgreaterthanthetotalenergyoftheproduct
Commonexothermicreactions:combustion,acidbaseneutralization,andreplacementreactionsbetweenreactivemetalsandacids
Endothermicreaction:thetotalenergyofthereactantsislessthanthetotalenergyofthereactants
Commonendothermicreactions:Ba(OH)2,8H2O,andNH4Clreactions,burningcarbonandcarbondioxidereactions
C,CO,H2restoreCuO
6,thetransformationformulaandinferencebetweenthephysicalquantities
Theparticlenumberandtheamountofsubstance:n==N/NA,N==nNANA,,,andthenumberiscalledtheAVogaderoconstant
Theamountandqualityofthematerial:n==m/M,m==nM
Forthegas,thefollowingformula
A,gasmolarvolumeandmaterialquantity:n==V/Vm,V==nVmstandardcondition:Vm=
B,AVogadero'sLaw:thesametemperatureandpressureV(A)/V(B)=n(A)/N(B)=N(A)/N(B)
C,thegasdensityformula:P==M/VmP1/,P2==M1/M2
Theconcentrationofthesubstanceandtherelationshipbetweentheamountofmaterial
(forsolution)a,amountofsubstance,concentration,amountofsubstance,C==n/V,n==CV
TheconcentrationofB,C==andthemassfractionofthematerial(1000P/W)M
7,configureacertainamountofsubstanceconcentrationsolution
Calculatethemassofasolidorthevolumeofadilutesolution
Theweighingweighingscales:solid,liquidoraburettevolume(accuratequantity)
Dissolve:stirinabeakerwithaglassrod
Leakdetection:checkthecapacityofthebottleisleaking(twotimes)
Transferfluid:cooltoroomtemperatureandtransferthesolutionfromthebeakertothevolumetricflaskintheselectedvolumewithaglassrod
Thewashingthebeaker,glassrodwashed2or3times,willbetransferredtoavolumetricflaskoflotion(afewtimes)
Theconstantvolumeofwatertotheleavesnearthecapacityof1cm-2cmbottlescaleline,concavemeniscusdroppertoadddistilledwatertothelowestpointofthesolutioncoincideswiththescalelinetangent
Theshake:repeatedupsidedownandshakeflaskmakesuniformconcentration
9bottledandlabeled
Theinstrumentmustbalance(calledsolidmass),oraburette(liquidvolume),beaker,glassrod,bottle,adropper(specification)
14,iron
Physicalproperties:silverwhiteluster,density,meltinghighboilingpoint,ductility,conductive,thermalconductivitybetter,,siliconandaluminumintheearth'scrust,butranksfourth.
Chemicalproperties:
A,andnonmetals:Fe+S==FeS,3Fe+2O2===Fe3O4,2Fe+3Cl2===2FeCl3
B,andwater:3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2
C,andacid(nonoxidizingacid)=:Fe+2H+==Fe2++H2
Withoxidizingacidssuchasnitricacidandconcentratedsulfuricacid,theyareoxidizedtoferricoxide
D,andsalt:suchasCuCl2,CuSO4,etc.,Fe+Cu2+==Fe2++Cu
ExaminationofFe2+andFe3+ions:
Thesolutionislightgreen,Fe2+
ThefunctionandKSCNsolutionappearred,redisdrippingwater
AddNaOHsolutionphenomenon:white,gray,green,redbrown
TheactionofcolorlessKSCNsolutionisred
Fe3+
Solutionyelloworbrownishyellow
AddNaOHsolutiontoproduceredbrownprecipitate
15siliconanditscompounds
Silicon
Siliconisakindofoxygen-lovingelement,:,highmeltingpoint,.
Siliconcompounds
Silicondioxide
Aandphysicalproperties:.
B,chemicalproperty:acidoxide,H2SiO3anhydride,butnotsolubleinwater
SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3,SiO2+2NaOH==Na2SiO3+H2O,SiO2+4HF==SiF4=+2H2O
Use:C,isthemainrawmaterialformakingopticalfiberde;makingquartzquartzglass,quartzelectronicwatch,quartzclock;importantcomponent,crystalusedtomanufactureelectronicindustry,handicraftsandotheropticalinstruments;quartzsandusedforglassandbuildingmaterials.
Thesodiumsilicatesodiumsilicatesolidsolutioncommonlyknownaspaohuajian,commonlyknownaswaterglass,isacolorlessviscousliquid,usedasadhesives,preservatives,:Na2SiO3+CO2+H2O==H2SiO3down+:Na2SiO3+2HCl==2NaCl+H2SiO3case
Silicate:

Activemetaloxides,morereactivemetaloxides,silica,,talcMg3(Si4O10)(OH)2canbeexpressedas3MgO,4SiO2,H2O?
14,iron
Physicalproperties:silverwhiteluster,density,meltinghighboilingpoint,ductility,conductive,thermalconductivitybetter,,siliconandaluminumintheearth'scrust,butranksfourth.
Chemicalproperties:
A,andnonmetals:Fe+S==FeS,3Fe+2O2===Fe3O4,2Fe+3Cl2===2FeCl3
B,andwater:3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2
C,andacid(nonoxidizingacid)=:Fe+2H+==Fe2++H2
Withoxidizingacidssuchasnitricacidandconcentratedsulfuricacid,theyareoxidizedtoferricoxide
D,andsalt:suchasCuCl2,CuSO4,etc.,Fe+Cu2+==Fe2++Cu
ExaminationofFe2+andFe3+ions:
Thesolutionislightgreen,Fe2+
ThefunctionandKSCNsolutionappearred,redisdrippingwater
AddNaOHsolutionphenomenon:white,gray,green,redbrown
TheactionofcolorlessKSCNsolutionisred
Fe3+
Solutionyelloworbrownishyellow
AddNaOHsolutiontoproduceredbrownprecipitate
15siliconanditscompounds
Silicon
Siliconisakindofoxygen-lovingelement,:,highmeltingpoint,.
Siliconcompounds
Silicondioxide
Aandphysicalproperties:.