文档介绍：湘潭大学
硕士学位论文
图灵测试、中文房间理论及其对功能主义的影响
姓名:刘琼
申请学位级别:硕士
专业:科学技术哲学
指导教师:袁建新
20070501
摘要
机器能否思维的问题一直是科学和哲学争论的焦点问题。计算机理论的先驱
图灵认为,机器可以思考。他提出了著名的图灵测试实验,认为只要机器在满足
实验条件的前提下能够通过图灵测试,即能够使测试者分不清对问题的回答是人
给出的,还是机器给出的,那么就说明机器和人的理解能力是没有区别的,它就
具有思维能力。然而图灵的观点遭到了很多人的批判,包括神学的反对、数学的
反对、意识论的反对等。
最著名的就是语言哲学家塞尔的中文房间思想实验。通过实验,塞尔认为,
即使机器通过了图灵测试,也不能认为它就是有思维的,也不能认为它是有理解
力的。因为通过程序控制的机器不具有意向性,而大脑的因果能力才对产生意向
性是充分的,程序仅仅是句法的而非语义的,因而也不能产生心灵。心灵的产生
是要有其生物学的基础。计算机硬件与人脑有着生物与非生物的本质区别。塞尔
认为,任何仅仅通过设计程序来人工创造意向的尝试都是不成功的。
而功能主义认为,不管运行于输入和输出之间的内部状态有怎样的物理基础
和运行机制,只要它能将某种输入转变为特定的输出,那么这个内部状态就是心
理状态。因而,图灵的理论从正面对功能主义产生了影响,而塞尔从不同角度对
功能主义提出了挑战。
因此,本文从介绍图灵测试实验入手,对实验内容、参与实验的机器的含义
以及各种反对观点进行了叙述,进一步对塞尔的中文房间思想实验进行介绍,最
后集中到对功能主义的问题上,从图灵和塞尔对功能主义的不同影响上进行比较
和阐述。
关键词:人工智能;图灵测试;中文房间;功能主义;意向性;程序
I
Abstract
“Can machine think?” is always the science and the philosophy argument focal
question. puter theory pioneer Turing, believe that the machine can be
thinking. He propose the famous Turing test experiment, believe so long as machine
in satisfies the experimental condition to be able to through the Turing test, namely
the machine can cause the investigator not to be able to distinguish clearly to the
question reply which is the person produce, which is the machine produce, then
people can believe that the machine have the same understanding with people, so the
machine has the thought ability. However, the Turing viewpoint has encountered by
many critiques, including the theology objection, mathematics objection and
consciousness argument.
Most famous opposition is the Chinese room thought experiment which is
proposed by language philosopher Searle. Through the experiment, Searle believed
that even if the machine passed the Turing test, people also cannot think it has the
thought ability, also cannot think it is have the understanding. Because Searle
believe that the machine manipulated by program does not have the intentiona