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TeachingObjectives
了解世界贸易组织的功能
了解如何解决国际贸易中出现的冲突
了解世界贸易组织的争端解决机制
TeachingEmphases
settlingdisputes
globaleconomy
consultation
appeals
theDisputeSettlementBody
Disputesettlementisthecentralpillarofthemultilateraltradingsystem,andtheWTO’,therules-’sprocedureenhancestheruleoflaw,-definedrules,(orrejected)bytheWTO’.
However,,,“outofcourt”orremaininaprolongedconsultationstage—somesince1995.
PrinciplesthatWTOfollowsinsettlingdisputeareequitable,fast,effective,-membersareviolatingtraderules,,andrespectingjudgments.
Adisputeariseswhenonecountryadoptsatradepolicymeasureortakessomeactionthatoneormorefellow-WTOmembersconsiderstobebreakingtheWTOagreements,.
AprocedureforsettlingdisputesexistedundertheoldGATT,butithadnofixedtimetables,rulingswereeasiertoblock,,withflexibledeadlinessetinvariousstagesoftheprocedure.
,itshouldnotnormallytakemorethanaboutoneyear—,andifthecaseisconsideredurgent(),itisacceleratedasmuchaspossible.
,rulingscouldonlybeadoptedbyconsensus,,rulingsareautomaticallyadoptedunlessthereisaconsensustorejectaruling—anycountrywantingtoblockarulinghastopersuadeallotherWTOmembers(includingitsadversaryinthecase)toshareitsview.
Althoughmuchoftheproceduredoesresembleacourtortribunal,,andevenwhenthecasehasprogressedtootherstages,consultationandmediationarestillalwayspossible.
SettlingdisputesistheresponsibilityoftheDisputeSettlementBody(theGeneralCouncilinanotherguise),“panels”ofexpertstoconsiderthecase,andtoacceptorrejectthepanels’,andhasthepowertoauthorizeretaliationwhenacountrydoesnotcomplywitharuling.
TheFirststageforsettlingdisputesisconsultation(upto60days).,theycanalsoasktheWTOdirector-generaltomediateortrytohelpinanyotherway.
,,“inthedock”canblockthecreationofapanelonce,butwhentheDisputeSettlementBodymeetsforasecondtime,theappointmentcannolongerbeblocked(unlessthereisaconsensusagainstappointingthepanel).
,-generalappointthem.
Panelsconsistofthree(possiblyfive)’sreportispassedtotheDisputeSettlementBody,whichcanonlyrejectthereportbyconsensus.
Panellistsforeachcasecanbechosenfromapermanentlistofwell-qualifiedcandidates,.