文档介绍：替代
导语
替代(Substitution)和省略一样,也是一种避免重复和连接上下文的手段。替代包括名词性替代(Nominal substitution)、动词性替代(Verbal substitution) 和分句性替代(Clausal substitution)。因此有三种替代词:名词替代词、动词替代词和分句替代词。
1. 名词性替代
用替代词取代名词词组或名词词组中心词这一语法现象叫名词性替代。名词替代词主要为one/ ones, 还有the same, the kind, the sort等。
1. A 替代词one/ ones的用法
1)替代词one/ ones只能替代单数/复数可数名词。例如:
There are good films as well as bad ones. (ones = films)
They sent us a lot of small apples instead of big ones. (ones = apples)
如果名词词组中心词是不可数名词,就不能用one/ ones替代,要避免重复,通常采用名词性省略:
We prefer green tea to black (tea).
I like fresh candy better than stale (candy).
2)替代词one/ ones和它们所替代的名词词组中心词的“数”可以不一致。例如:
I prefer the big bottle to the small ones.
Compare the new edition with the old ones.
3)替代词one/ ones和它们所替代的名词词组中心词在句法功能上也可能不一致。例如:
Do you see those gentlemen over there? The one with grey hair is my father.
A: If only I could remember where it was that I saw someone putting away the box with those candles in, I could finish the decorations now.
B: You mean the little colored ones.
在上述第一例中,被替代的gentlemen在句中作宾语,而替代词one在句中作主语。在第二例中,被替代在句中作介词宾语,而替代词ones则是动词宾语。
I prefer an old coat to a new one.
The new building was a four-story one.
当替代词one/ ones带有后置修饰语时,它们前面总有定冠词,这种后置修饰语可以是形容词词组或者非限定分句。例如:
Compare this picture with the one painted by your brother.
也可以是副词、介词词组或关系分句。例如:
This room and the one upstairs are well furnished.
I’ll read this book as soon as I finish the one I’m reading.
带后置修饰语的替代词one/ ones也常见于比较分句中。例如:
Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before.
I like this picture better than the one you showed me yesterday.
替代词one/ ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this, which,序数词等之后可以省略。例如:
I want the fifth volume, not the fourth (one).
If I miss the 9:15 train, I’ll catch the next (one).
The second chapter is much longer than the first (one).
替代词one/ ones通常不用在名词属格之后,也不用在形容词性物主代词+ own之后。例如可以说:
This is my house and that’s Peter’s.
不可以说:
*This is my house and that’s Peter’s one.
可以说:
I don’t like to live long in a foreign country; I want to go back