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General Functions and Main Elements of Conclusion
Summing up
To be a part with its main function of summarizing the chief pieces of pure facts, data and information in the paper
To actually summarize, with due emphasis, the principal items of information in the main body of the paper
To include only material that appeared earlier in an expanded form
Section of Conclusion
General Functions and Main Elements of Conclusion
Statement of Conclusions
Convictions based on evidence
To follow logically from the data presented actually in the main body of the paper
To agree with whatever you may have promised to testify in the introduction
Section of Conclusion
General Functions and Main Elements of Conclusion
Statement of Recommendations
Appear less frequently in professional papers than in, say, technical reports
To be sure that they follow logically from the data and conclusions presented earlier
Not to dangle as proposals that you think are good but for which you have given no supporting evidence,
Never clash with what you may have expected to do in your introduction
Section of Conclusion
General Functions and Main Elements of Conclusion
Graceful Termination
To be achieved when all the materials of the conclusion are smoothly woven together and satisfactorily round off the whole
Be on guard against duplicating large portion of the introduction in the conclusion.
Verbatim repetition can be boring and even create a false unity, which is definitely no compliment to the author’s success.
Section of Conclusion
Requirements for Writing a Conclusion
Be careful not to draw conclusions from data involving errors of observation, errors in arithmetic, compensating errors, systematic and personal errors.
Do not use mathematical formulas without clearly understanding of their derivations and all the assumptions involved.
Be cautious in comparing conclusions based upon experiments in which the influential conditions have been improperly controlled, and therefore not duplicated.
Section of Conclusion
Requirements for Writing a Conclusion
Avoid confusing facts with opinions of influences, not only in the investigation itself but also in preparing results for publication.
Do not draw a conclusion from too few data, or too broad a conclusion that is based on extrapolated curves.
Guard against failing to qualify a conclusion, in order to show the limits within which it applies, or the variation which is to be expected.
When you indulge in a speculation, be sure to remind your reader to know that it remains a speculation.
Section of Conclusion
Useful Expressions in Writing a Conclusion
Our argument proceeds in…
On the basis of…, the following conclusion can be made…
The research work has brought about a discovery of …
Finally a summary is given of…
These findings of the research have led the author to conclusion that…
The research has resulted in a solution of…
Section of Conclusion
Useful Expressions in Writing a Conclusion
From…, we now conclude…
To sum up, we have revealed…
We have demonstrated in this paper…
The results of the experiment indicate…
In conclusion, the result shows…
We have described…, we found…
Example
Business organizations have embraced IT in its daily operations. Lots of money has been spent in acquiring and maintaining equipment and software to keep up with the current technological trends. Security became a drawback of organizations in maintaining systems. Experts are hired on contract basis to help solve security problems in organizations. Security companies are being outsourced to find a lasting solution to the security menace hanging on the necks of Information Technology and Information Security departments. The organizations are doing all they can to avoid any form of security risks. Studies have shown that human factors play a critical role in managing risks. As organizations look to technological solutions to their security risk problems, a closer look should be given to the human elements in the organization, how the users interact with the risk control measures that are implemented and how the users themselves due to some behavioral traits, help control measures to fail.(summing up)
Example
New hires usually undergo orientation programs to get familiarized with their job operations. Organizations should include information security briefing as part of this orientation programs. This gives the user a prior security awareness mindset. It is normally viewed that senior-level management have better risk perception attitudes than the junior-level employees. This research has shown that user risks perception cuts across all employee levels so the same amount of effort should be put in to educate and train all employees on security risk awareness.(statement of conclusion)
It's a good thing if policy creation involves the users. But users should also have some education on organizational policies even if they were involved in the creation process. Policies should be communicated properly to users and the users should be made to sign to agree to the policies that they’ve read. Organizations should implement appropriate measures to penalize employees as this could lead to employees covering their errors and mistakes especially when they themselves are in the wrong.(statement of recommendations)