文档介绍：该【医学英语呼吸系统专家讲座 】是由【海洋里徜徉知识】上传分享，文档一共【18】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【医学英语呼吸系统专家讲座 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。Introduction of the Respiratory system
The main function of the respiratory system is to
provide oxygen to body cells for energy metabolism and
to eliminate carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism.
Because these gases must be carried to and from the
cells in the blood, the respiratory system works closely
with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas
exchange.
医学英语呼吸系统专家讲座
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The Lung:
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and
the blood takes place in the lungs, two cone-shaped
organs located in the thoracic cavity. A double
membrane, the pleura(胸膜), covers the lungs and
lines the thoracic cavity. The outer layer that is
attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity is the
parietal pleura(胸膜壁层); the inner layer that is
attached to the surface of the lungs is the visceral
pleura(胸膜脏层). The very thin, fluid-filled
space between the two layers of the pleura is the
pleural space(胸膜腔).
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Upper Respiratory Passageway：
Air enters through the nose, where it is warmed,
filtered, and moistened as it passes over the hair-
covered mucous membranes of the nasal cavity.
Cilia(纤毛), microscopic hair-like projections from
the cells that line the nose, sweep dirt and foreign
material toward the throat for elimination. Material
that is eliminated from the respiratory tract by
coughing or clearing the throat is called sputum(痰).
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Inhaled air passes into the throat, or pharynx(咽),
where it mixes with air that enters through the
mouth and also with food destined for the digestive
tract. The pharynx is divided into three regions:
(1) an upper portion, the nasopharynx(鼻咽), behind the
nasal cavity;(2) a middle portion, the oropharynx(口咽),
behind the mouth; and (3) a lower portion, the laryngeal
pharynx(喉咽), behind the larynx. The palatine tonsils(腭
扁桃体) are on either side of the soft palate(软腭) in the
oropharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids(咽扁桃体
), are in the nasopharynx.
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Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs
The pharynx conducts air into the trachea, a tube
reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage(软骨) to prevent its
collapse. Cilia in the lining of the trachea move impurities up
toward the throat, where they can be eliminated by
swallowing or by expectoration(咳痰). The larynx is shaped by
nine cartilages, the most prominent of which is the thyroid
cartilage at the front that forms the “Adam’s apple.” The
opening between the vocal cords is the glottis(声门). The
small leaf-shaped cartilage at the top of the larynx is called
the epiglottis(会厌). When one swallows, the epiglottis covers
the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from
entering the respiratory tract.
医学英语呼吸系统专家讲座
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At its lower end, the trachea divides into a right and
a left main stem bronchus(支气管干) that enter the lungs.
The right bronchus is shorter and wider; it divides into
three secondary bronchi that enter the three lobes(肺叶)
of the right lung. The left bronchus divides into two
branches that supply the two lobes of the left lung.
The smallest of the conducting tubes, the bronchioles(
细支气管), carry air into the microscopic air sacs, the
aveoli(肺泡), whrough which gases are exchanged
between the lungs and the blood.
医学英语呼吸系统专家讲座
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The Process of Breathing:
Air is moved into and out of the lungs by the
process of breathing, technically called ventilation.
This consists of a steady cycle of inspiration
(inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), separated
by a period of rest. The cycle begins when the
phrenic nerve(膈神经) stimulates the diaphragm(隔膜)
to contract and flatten, thus enlarging the chest
cavity.
医学英语呼吸系统专家讲座
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I Suffix for Respiration
ROOT
MEANING
EXAMPLE
DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE
-pnea
breathing
orthopnea
Difficulty in breathing except in an upright position(端坐呼吸)
-oxia
Level of oxygen
hypoxia
Decreased amount of oxygen in the tissues(缺/低氧)
-capnia
Level of carbon dioxide
hypercapnia
Increased carbon dioxide in the tissues(高碳酸血症)
-phonia
voice
dysphonia
Difficulty in speaking(发音困难)
医学英语呼吸系统专家讲座
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Exercise 1:
Use the suffix -pnea to build a word with
each of the following meanings:
1. painful or difficult breathing dyspnea
2. easy, normal (eu-) breathing
3. lack of (a-) of breathing
4. rapid rate(tachy-) of breathing
Dyspnea(呼吸困难) Eupnea(平静呼吸)
Apnea(呼吸暂停) Tachypnea(呼吸急促)
医学英语呼吸系统专家讲座
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II Roots for the Respiration Passageways
ROOT
MEANING
EXAMPLE
DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE
Nas/o(拉丁词源)
nose
Nasal
Pertaining to the nose
Rhin/o(希腊词源)
nose
rhinorrhea
Discharge from the nose(鼻漏)
Pharyng/o
pharynx
pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx(咽)
Laryng/o
larynx
laryngoscopy
Endoscopic exam of the larynx(喉镜检验)
Trache/o
trachea
tracheotome
Instrument used to incise the trachea(气管刀)
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