文档介绍：政策工具
Policy Instruments
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What is policy instrument? 什么是政策工具
政策工具,亦称为政策手段,或治理工具。Policy instruments: also called policy tools or governing instruments
政策工具是政府所拥有的、用于执行政策的实际手段或工具。政府在构思/规划政策时必须对政策工具作出选择。 These are the actual means or devices governments have at their disposal for implementing policies, and among which they must select in formulating policy.
政府是干预者。政策工具就是干预的手段 Government-as-intervener: Policy instruments as forms of intervention
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政策工具的分类
anization-based instruments
权威类工具 Authority-based instruments
财政类工具 Treasure-based instruments
信息类工具 Information-based instruments
Nodality
Authority
Treasure
Organization
Information Monitoring and Release
Command and Control Regulation
Grant and Loans
Direct Provision of Goods and Services and Public Enterprises
Advice and Exhortation
Self-regulation
User Charges
Use of Family, Community, and anizations
Advertising
Standard-setting and Delegated Regulation
Taxes and Tax Expenditures
Market Creation
Commissions and Inquiries
mittees and Consultations
Interest Group Creation and Funding
Government anization
SOURCE:Adapted from Christopher Hood, The Tools of Government(Chattham, NJ:Chattham House,1986),124-5
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权威类工具 Authority-Based instruments
管制:政府制定的规定,要求指定目标必须遵守,不遵守就要受到惩罚。Regulation is a prescription by the government that must plied with by the intended targets; failure to do so usually involves a penalty.
管制有很多方式:规则、标准、许可、禁止、法律、行政命令。Regulations take various forms and include rules, standards, permits, prohibitions, laws, and executive orders.
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权威类工具 Authority-Based instruments
mand and control regulation:
主要是指处理犯罪行为的管制,涉及警察与司法系统。Regulations dealing with criminal behaviors, involve the police and judicial system
行政指令:Administrative edicts:
特别的、准司法政府机构(如;美国的独立管理委员会)Specialized, quasi-judicial government agency (., independent missions in USA)
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权威类工具 Authority-Based instruments
管制的性质:Natures of regulations
经济管制:Economic regulations:
生产过程的方方面面,特别是有关特定的产品和服务的控制,例如,对生产价格和产量,投资