文档介绍：烷烃(甲烷为例)+Cl2CH3Cl+HCl….H2n+2+(3n+1)/2O2nCO2+(n+1)H2O烯烃(乙烯为例)=CH2+Br2→CH2Br—=CH2+=CH2+HClCH3CH2Cl催化剂△=CH2+H2CH3—=CH2[CH2—CH2]H2n+3n/2O2nCO2+nH2O炔烃(乙炔为例)催化剂△≡CH+2H2CH3—CH3催化剂△≡CH+HClCH2=≡CH+Br2→CHBr=≡CH+2Br2→CHBr2—=CHCl[CH2—CH]n催化剂加热、+C2H6苯浓硫酸55~60℃1.+HNO3—NO2+H2OFeCl32.+Br2(液溴)—Br+HBr催化剂△3.+3H2CH3O2N——NO2NO2苯的同系物(甲苯为例)CH3浓硫酸55~60℃1.+3HNO3+3H2OKMnO4(H+)—COOHCH32、H2O△170℃卤代烃(溴乙烷为例)+NaOHCH3CH2OH+NaBr醇△+NaOHCH2=CH2↑+NaBr++2Na→2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑△浓硫酸170℃+HBrCH3CH2Br+=CH2↑+H2O浓硫酸140℃—O—CH2CH3+H2O催化剂△+O22CH3CHO+2H2O催化剂△(OH)CH3+O22CH3COCH3+H2O催化剂△(CH3)3OH+O2很难被氧化ONaOH酚(苯酚为例)+2Na→2+H2↑ONaOH2.+NaOH→+H2OOHONa3.+CO2+H2O→+NaHCO3OHONa4.+Na2CO3→+NaHCO3OHBr——BrBrOH5.+3Br2→↓+(乙醛为例)催化剂△催化剂△++O22CH3COOH△+2[Ag(NH3)2]OHCH3COONH4+3NH3+H2O+2Ag↓△+2Cu(OH)2+NaOHCH3COONa+Cu2O↓+3H2O羧酸酯浓硫酸△+CH3CH2OHCH3COOCH2CH3+H2O稀硫酸△+H2OCH3CHOOH+CH3CH2OH△+NaOHCH3CHOONa+H2n+2CnH2n——代表物甲烷(CH4)乙烯(C2H4)苯(C6H6)结构简式CH4CH2=CH2或(官能团)结构特点C-C单键,链状,饱和烃C=C双键,链状,不饱和烃一种介于单键和双键之间的独特的键,环状空间结构正四面体六原子共平面平面正六边形物理性质无色无味的气体,比空气轻,难溶于水无色稍有气味的气体,比空气略轻,难溶于水无色有特殊气味的液体,比水轻,难溶于水用途优良燃料,化工原料石化工业原料,植物生长调节剂,催熟剂溶剂,化工原料有机物主要化学性质烷烃:甲烷①氧化反应(燃烧)CH4+2