文档介绍：Part 1
INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY
Basic Analytical Tools
General Equilibrium Analysis一般均衡法
GEA means analyzing two or more than two related markets at the same time( Market and Import Market, Goods Market and Factor Market)
We usually use the PPF and CIC as the basic tools in the general equilibrium analysis of international trade.
Partial Equilibrium Analysis局部均衡法
PEA means only analyzing single market in one time
We usually use the Demand Curve and the Supply Curve as the basic tools in the partial equilibrium analysis.
General Equilibrium Analysis
Supply Side: Production Possibility Frontier (PPF)生产可能性曲线
国际贸易实际上是国际市场上的供给(出口)与需求(进口)问题。为了研究一国能够出口什么,需要进口什么,我们必须先研究一国的生产能力。在经济学中,为了表现整个国家的能生产什么,我们常常使用一种称为“生产可能性曲线”的图形。
Demand munity Indifference Curves (CIC)社会无差异曲线
虽然在一个国家或经济社会里,每个人都有自己的消费偏好,很难找到一组能反映每一个消费者满足程度的无差异曲线,但我们仍然能用一幅反映平均消费效用的或反映大多数人消费偏好的无差异曲线图来分析,我们称之为“社会无差异曲线”。社会无差异曲线反映一均消费偏好。
Production Possibility Frontier
Conception:
PPF:Points describing binations of output levels(生产组合) for two different products to be produced by given resources(既定的资源条件)
生产可能性曲线( Production Possibility Frontier, 简称PPF)表明一个国家在充分和有效地使用其所有资源时能生产的各种商品数量的组合。
QR
Qw
PPF
A
B
C
D
E
The shape of PPF is decided by the opportunity of cost of goods。
Opportunity Cost and PPF
Opportunity Cost(机会成本)
The cost of an activity in terms of sacrificed next best alternative uses of the assets involved. Can also be formulated as “amount of product 2 we must give up to produce a unit of product 1”.
(生产一单位商品1所必须放弃的生产商品2的数量)
Opportunity Cost and PPF
假设有大米(Rice)和小麦(Wheat)两种商品。那么,大米的“机会成本”就是为了多生产一单位大米而必须放弃小麦的数量(QW/QR)。
从几何概念讲,这也是PPF的斜率。
PPF
QR
Qw
B
C
QR
Qw
Q
C
Constant Costs
Q
C
Decreasing Costs
Q
C
Increasing Costs
QC
Qw
PPF
QC
Qw
PPF
Qw
QC
PPF
机会成本可以是不变的、递增的或递减的。相应地,生产可能性曲线也就出现了直线的、外凸的或里凹的不同形状.
Community Indifference Curve(社会无差异曲线)
Higher Satisfaction
the points describing same level of satisfaction (or utility) by given resource.
GE under Autarky(PP