文档介绍：1750—1850年英国议会圈地对小农的影响
——以牛津郡为例
摘要: 1750—1850年的英国议会圈地是根据议会通过的私人法案而开展的圈占公地和荒地的行为。以牛津郡为典型,分析不同时段议会圈地对该郡小农数量以及生活状况的影响。可以发现牛津郡小农数量总体上呈减少趋势,但远没有消失,在1786—1820年甚至有所增加。小农失去公地权利的同时也受益于圈地后对农业劳工的需求,在市场条件好的情况下,小农也能获利。圈地不必然导致小农的减少,而是市场等因素发挥了极大的作用。后期议会圈地也采取措施在一定程度上维护了小农的利益。
关键词: 议会圈地; 小农; 牛津郡; 英国;
Abstract: British parliamentary enclosure from 1750s to 1850s was going on according to those private acts which aimed to mons and wastes. This thesis takes Oxfordshire as an example, and analyses changes of the number of small peasants and their lives in different stages of parliamentary enclosure. As we can see, the whole number of Oxfordshire small peasants tends to decline, however, they’re never disappeared, and the number of them even has witnessed a little increase during 1786 to 1820. Those small peasants lost their rights mons; meanwhile, they’re also benefit from the need for agricultural labours after enclosure. Besides, they were able to be profitable under a promising market. Parliamentary enclosure was not inevitable to decrease small peasants, and the market has played an important role. In its later phase, the parliament has also taken some measures to support the small peasants to some degree.
Key words: parliamentary enclosure; small peasants; Oxfordshire; Britain
一
英国圈地运动持续了长达五个多世纪之久从十五世纪开始,一直持续到十九世纪末。
,十八世纪上半叶之前基本是在土地持有者之间进行的大规模的“协议圈地”(enclosure by agreement)和“小块的”(piecemeal)土地交换。至十八世纪后半期英国圈地形式以议会圈地(parliamentary enclosure)为主。议会圈地与十八、十九世纪英国经济、社会结构的关系历来备受讨论,其对农民的影响自然是重要的论题之一。二十世纪初期已出版了一些研究议会圈地的著作,其中最为经典的是哈蒙德夫妇的《乡村劳工》,研究议会圈地造成的社会结构的变化。他们提出议会圈地对大地主有利,圈地后小农失去了原有的维持生计的公地权利,成为没有土地的、经济上不再独立的劳工。 . and Barbara Hammond, The Village Labourer, 1760—1832. Longmans, 1912, pp. 99–100,106.
约翰森(A. H. Johnson)利用土地纳税申报表等数据追踪较长时段内小农的财产变化,认为小土地所有者的消失早在议会圈地之前就已经发生,议会圈地并非导致小农消失的主要因素。
Johnson, A., H., The Disappearance of the Small Landowner, Oxford, 1909, p. 147. 随后格瑞也利用土地纳税申报表对牛津郡进行了研究. Gray, H.,L., Yeoman Farming in Oxford shire from the Sixteenth Century to the eenth, Th