文档介绍：第一章: 翻译概论? The definition of translation ? Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation , 1969) Scope of translation ? In terms of language 1. Native languages into foreign languages 2. Foreign languages into native languages ? In terms of the mode 1. Oral interpretation 2. Written translation 3. Machine translation ? In terms of materials 1. Scientific materials 2. Translation of literary works 3. Translation of political essays 4. Translation of practical writing ? In terms of disposal 1. full-text translation 2. abridged translation 3. adapted translation 翻译的标准? 1. 中国近代著名翻译家,翻译理论家严复的“信(faithfulness) ,达(expressiveness) ,雅(elegance) ”之说。“信”是强调译文必须忠实于原文, “达”是强调译文应该通顺易懂, “雅”是要求译文有文采。“信”,“达”这两点是翻译的基本要求。? 2. (Alexander Fraser Tytler )泰特勒在《论翻译的原则》一书中提出的三条基本原则: ?(1)A translation should give plete transcript of the ideas of the original work. ?(2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. ?(3) A translation should have all the ease of the position. ?翻译的条件?掌握必要的翻译理论和技巧?加强英汉两种语言的修养、拓宽知识面? 1. 要努力提高汉语的修养,多读经典的著作,学习地道规范汉语; ? ; ?如: White House ?“白宫”而不是“白房子”? Foggy Bottom ?“雾谷”而不是“雾的尽头”(美国国务院) ?“译”精于勤( Practice makes perfect) ?对原文的理解做到“三要”? 1. 正确理解原文词义? 2. 要掌握与两种语言相关的文化背景知识? 3. 要弄清原文结构译文表达做到“三不要”? 1 . 不要逐字死译? I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry. ( Pride and Prejudice) ?我还没有认识你一个月,就觉得象你这样一个人,在天下男人中我最不愿意和他结婚的就是你。?我认识你还不到一个月的时候,就觉得哪怕我一辈子找不到男人,也休想让我嫁给你。? 2 . 不要使译文逻辑连贯失调? 3. 不要炫耀文笔背景知识与翻译? 1. 历史背景?由于语言随社会的发展而发展,随社会的变化而变化,同一词语在不同的历史时期往往具有不尽相同的含义。如: ? curiously (好奇地) wife (妻子) dearest ? ( 仔细地)(主妇) (最痛恨的) ?一些词语的产生,伴有特定的时代背景。如: ?“ If that picture is genuine, I ’ m a Dutchman !”?“如果那张画是真迹,我就不是人” 2. 地理环境?(1)