文档介绍：Word Formation
The formation of new words by adding morphemes to word-building elements according to certain rules
Chapter Four
◆affixation (30%-40%)
◆compounding (28%-30%)
◆conversion (26%)
◆shortening(8%-10%)
◆blending (1%-5%)
clipping
acronymy
Major ways for new words
3. 1 Affixation
What is affixation?
affixes + bases = new words
the process of making new words by adding affixes to bases
affixes = prefixes + suffixes
Characteristics:
Prefixes change meaning.
Suffixes change part of speech.
Prefixation
Definition:
prefix + base = new word
Process of making new words by adding prefixes to bases
Classification:
Prefixes are classified according to meaning.
Prefixation
Classes of prefixes: 10
1. Negative prefixes: 5
a-, dis- in-(il-,ir-,im-), non-, un- =
无,非,不,没
amoral ≠ immoral
inability ≠ disability
disinterested (公正无私)≠ uninterested
illogical but disloyal
Prefixation
2. Reversative prefixes: 3
de-, dis-, un- = reverse the action
disunite
unwrap
decentralize
Prefixation
3. Pejorative prefixes: 3
mal-, mis-, pseudo- = bad, badly, wrong
maltreatment 虐待
misuse
pseudo-science/pseudo-intellectual
Prefixation
4. Prefixes of degree or size: 14
macro-, micro-: macrocosm, microcosm
under-, over-: underestimate, overestimate
hyper-, ultra-, extra-: hypercritical, ultra-modern, extra-large
arch-, super-, sub-: archbishop, superstructure, sub-culture
out-, sur-: outlive, surpass
mini-, co-: mini-cinema, co-author
Prefixation
5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude:4
anti-, contra-, counter-, pro-
anti-: anti-violence
counter-: counter-violence
contra-: contra-flow
pro-: pro-democratic
anti-vs counter-: attitude vs action
Prefixation
6. Locative prefixes: 6
extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, trans-
extra- = outside: extra-curriculum
fore- = front: forehead
inter- = between:
intra- = within:
tele- = far
trans- = over, across: trans-Atlantic