文档介绍：key points of blood culture血培养注意事项
（1）before administration of antibiotics and during chills or high fever；在抗菌药物应用前，和寒战高热时采血；（2）repeat more than 3 times；多次送检，不同部位（3）the amount of the blood sample should be＞10ml in adults or older children, ＞5ml in infants；每次采血量5-10ml（4）blood samples should be treated with chemicals if antibiotics was used before or use blood clot for ，β-内酰***酶或对氨基苯甲酸，或采用血块培养 ⑸ bone marrow culture is recommended; 骨髓培养阳性率高⑹drug sensitivity test is very 。
2. Hemodialysis indication :肾少尿期透析指征
⑴Oliguric lasts〉4d，or anuria〉24h 少尿4天，无尿24h以上 ⑵Concentration of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine increased: BUN〉明显氮质血症，血BUN ⑶High catabolism state 高分解状态,每天BUN上升>
⑷Hyperkalemia高血钾>6mmol/l, ⑸Pulmonary edema or hypervolemic syndrome高血容量综合征，肺水肿。
3. clinical characteristics / diagnostic criteria of fulminant hepatitis/hepatitis gravis(重型肝炎的诊断标准)?
Acute<=2W<亚急性subacute<26W<慢性chronic 1）Severe digestive disorder: poor feeding, nausea and frequent vomiting, fatigue; 严重消化道症状：恶心呕吐乏力食欲下降2）Progressively deepened jaundice;黄疸进行性加深：TB胆红素每天>= or >171μmol/l; 3) Hepatoencephalopathy;肝性脑病4）Hepatorenal syndrome;肝肾综合征5）Decreased volume of liver;肝萎缩6）Bleeding pronenss;出血倾向 7）Rapidly increased ascites 腹水增长迅速 8）胆酶分离9）PTA<40%(凝血酶原活动度)，INR>
。 ⑴氨中毒的防治：低蛋白饮食；口服乳果糖30～60ml/d，以酸化肠道及保持大便通畅；口服诺***沙星以抑制肠