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Cereals of the World:
0 rigi n, CI assif icatio n, Types,
Quality
Wheat derived from separate ancestors, and which differ
in chromosome numbers. One classification of
Origin the races, with the probable wild types, chromo-
some numbers (2n) and the cultivated forms is
The cultivation of wheat (Triticum spp.) reaches
shown in Table 4. 1.
far back into history, and the crop was predomi-
Einkorn, emmer and spelt are husked wheats,
nant in antiquity as a source of human food. It
. the lemma and palea form a husk which remains
was cultivated particularly in Persia (Iran), Egypt,
around the kernel after threshing. Emmer was used
Greece and Europe. Numerous examples of ancient
for human food in prehistoric times (cf. p. 95);
wheat have been unearthed in archaeological
there is archaeological evidence that it was grown
investigations; the grains are always carbonized,
about 5000 . in Iraq. The principal wheats of
although in some cases the anatomical structure
commerce are varieties of the species ,
is well preserved.
(cf. p. 86) and pactum (cf. p. 85).
Common or Bread Wheat, T. aestivum (hexa-
Races and species of wheat
ploid 2n = 42) is an allopolyploid; three genomes,
The many thousands of known species and each corresponding to a normal diploid set of
varieties of the genus Triticum (wheat) can be chromosomes, are distinguishable and are known
grouped into three distinct races which have been to have had separate origins in the past.
Wild and Cultivated Wheat Types
~
Cultivated forms
Race Wild type 2n Species mon name
Small spelt T. aegilopoides 14 T. um Einkorn
Emmer T. oides 28 T. um Emmer
T. durum Macaroni wheat
(durum)
T. polonicum Polish
T. turgidum Rivet, Cone
Large spelt probably 42 T. aestivum Bread wheat
Dinkel 1 T. um T. spelta Dinkel, Spelt
X T. speltoides T. compactum Club
x Ae. squarrosa T. um Indian Dwa