文档介绍：物理化学知识点总结 物理化学知识点归纳
目录
第一章 热力学第一定律···············································································（1） 第二章 热力学第二定律···············································································（3） 第三章 化学势·······························································································（7） 第四章 化学平衡·························································································（10） 第五章 多相平衡·························································································（） 第六章 统计热力学基础·············································································（14） 第七章 电化学·····························································································（16） 第八章 表面现象与分散系统·····································································（20） 第九章 化学动力学基本原理·····································································（24） 第十章 复合反应动力学·············································································（27）
物理化学知识点归纳
根据印永嘉物理化学简明教程第四版总结编写，红色的公式要求重点掌握，蓝色的公式掌握。
第一章 热力学第一定律
本章讨论能量的转换和守恒，其目的主要解决变化过程的热量，求功的目的也是为了求热。 1. 热力学第一定律
热力学第一定律的本质是能量守恒定律，对于封闭系统，其数学表达式为
∆U =Q +W 微小过程变化：d U =δQ +δW
只作体积功：d U =δQ −p e d V 理想气体的内能只是温度的函数。 2. 体积功的计算：
δW V =−p 外d V
W V =−∫p 外d V
V 1V 2
外压为0（向真空膨胀，向真空蒸发）：W V =0； 恒容过程：W V =0
恒外压过程：W V =−p 外(V 2−V 1) 恒压过程：W V =−p (V 2−V 1) 可逆过程：W V =−
∫
V 2
V 1
p d V （主要计算理想气体等温可逆、绝热可逆过程的功）
3. 焓和热容
由于大多数化学反应是在等压下进行的，为了方便，定义一个新的函数焓：
H =U +pV
焓是状态函数，是广度性质，具有能量单位，本身没有物理意义，在等压下没有非体积功的热效应等于焓的改变量。 等容热容：C V =
δQ V
⎛∂U ⎞=⎜⎟ d T ⎝∂T ⎠V
等压热容：C p =
δQ p
⎛∂H ⎞=⎜⎟ d T ⎝∂T ⎠p
对于理想气体：C p −C V =nR
4. 理想气体各基本过程中W 、Q 、∆U 、∆H 的计算
5. 焦耳-汤姆逊系数
µ=⎜
⎛∂T ⎞1⎛∂H ⎞
=−⎟⎜⎟，用于判断气体节流膨胀时的温度变化。 p C p ∂∂⎝⎠H ⎠T p ⎝
6. 热效应的计算
不做非体积功的等压过程：Q p =∆H 不做非体积功的等容过程：Q V =∆U
化学反应等压热效应与等容热效应的关系：Q p −Q V =∆n g RT 由标准摩尔生成焓求标准摩尔反应焓变：∆r H m =
\\
()
∑υ
B B
B
\
∆f H m (B ) \∆c H m (B )
由标准摩尔燃烧焓求标准摩尔反应焓变：∆r H