文档介绍：关于“规模经济”与“规模报酬”
关于“规模经济”与“规模报酬”
Dictionary of Economics and business
Economy of scale: The reduction in average unit cost associated with the increase in the size of plant or activity up to a point and thereafter an increase in such cost1>. //
External economies and diseconomies: External economies are increases in efficiency within the producing unit, not paid for by the unit but resulting from action outside the unit. The unit may be a firm or an industry. ., the entry of a firm into an industry may lower the costs of all firms previously in the industry. This economy is external to the firm but internal to the industry. If a loss in efficiency were involved, the decrease would be termed a “diseconomy”. //
Internal economies and diseconomies: Internal economies are increases in efficiency within the producing unit through anization or differences in the scale of operations. Care must be taken to distinguish the unit used, ., economies that are external to the firm may be internal to the industry. Economies that are increases in efficiency but outside the unit referred to are called external. An example of an economy external to the firm but internal to the industry: industry-wide advertising to which a number of firms contribute. Diseconomies are decreases in efficiency similarly classified. //
Returns to scale: Comparing the returns of an enterprise (if all factors of production are proportionately increased or decreased) to the scale of operations. Cf. constant cost, increasing cost, decreasing cost. Distinguish diminishing marginal productivity, law of, which is concerned with varying the proportions of the factors.
Decreasing cost: The situation in which average total unit cost of a business decreases over the usual range of output as the volume of business increases. True of railroads and other transport agencies. //
Constant cost: The situation in which average cost per unit of output remains unchanged as output varies. //p