文档介绍：—CHAPTER 18
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology includes such topics as mem- Developments before 1950
ory, concept formation, attention, reasoning, prob-
lem solving, judgment, and language. Clearly cogni- Throughout most of psychology’s history human
tive psychology is very popular within contemporary attributes were studied philosophically. J. S. Mill
psychology. However, in psychology’s long history (1843/1988) set the stage for psychology as an exper-
some form of cognition has almost always been em- imental science and encouraged the development of
phasized. The few exceptions included the material- such a science. Fechner (1860/1966) took Mill’s lead
istic philosophies or psychologies of Democritus, and studied cognitive events (sensations) experimen-
Hobbes, Gassendi, La Mettrie, Watson, and Skinner, tally. Ebbinghaus (1885/1964), under the influence
which denied the existence of mental events. The of Fechner, studied learning and memory experimen-
schools of voluntarism and structuralism concen- tally. William James’s The Principles of Psychology
trated on the experimental study of cognition, and (1890) cited considerable research on cognition and
the school of functionalism studied both cognition suggested many additional research possibilities. Sir
and behavior. The supposed sterility of the research Frederick Charles Bartlett (1886–1969), in Remem-
on cognition performed by members of these schools bering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology
prompted Watson to create the school of behavior- (1932), demonstrated how memory is influenced
ism. Thus to say, as mon, that psychology is be- more by personal, cognitive themes or schema than
coming more cognitively oriented is urate, be- by the mechanical laws of association. In other
cause with only a few exceptions it has always been words, he found that information is always encoded,
cognitively oriented. But there was a period from stored, and recalled in