文档介绍：凯伯国际贸易第六章英文原版课件
. Tariff Policies Before 1930
The revenue argument
Dominant motive behind the early tariff laws
1932, . exports decreased by nearly two-thirds
President Hoover, protectionist trap
Refused to veto the Smoot-Hawley Act
Compelled to honor the 1928 Republican platform
Tariffs to aid the weakened farm economy
Bound to tradition
Bound to the platform of the Republican Part
10
The figure shows the pattern of world trade from 1929 to 1933. Following the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, which raised . tariffs to an average level of 53 percent, other nations retaliated by increasing their own import restrictions, and the volume of world trade decreased as the global economy fell into the Great Depression
Smoot-Hawley protectionism and world trade, 1929–1933 (millions of dollars)
FIGURE
11
Smoot-Hawley Act
President Roosevelt, 1932
Democrats dismantled the Smoot-Hawley legislation
Reciprocal trade agreements
Trade liberalization
12
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
1934, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
Transferred authority from the Congress
Generally favored domestic import-competing producers
To the president
Consider the national interest when forming trade policy
Lower tariffs and a wave of trade liberalization
13
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
Negotiating authority
The president
Unprecedented authority to negotiate bilateral tariff-reduction agreements with foreign governments
Without congressional approval
Lower tariffs by up to 50% of existing level
1934 to 1947, 32 bilateral tariff agreements
Average level of tariffs - about half of the 1934 levels
14
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
Generalized reductions
Most favored nation (MFN) clause
Agreement between two nations to apply tariffs to each other at rates as low as those applied to any other nation having MFN status
Tariff reductions being made on a nondiscriminatory basis
1998, . government replaced the term most favored nation with normal trade relations
15
Ge