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Chapter12Theories&schoolsofmodernlinguistics
-GenerativeGrammar
:BoasandSapir
’stheory
-BloomfieldianLinguistics
(omitted)
AmericanStructuralism
,fromthatofEurope,(1858-1942),whosetraditionhasactuallyinfluencedthewholeofthe20th-centuryAmericanlinguistics.
AmericanStructuralism
Boasheldthattherewasnoidealtypeorformoflanguages,,,therewereonlydifferencesinlanguagestructure,whilethereisnodifferencebetweenlanguagesintermsofbeingmoreorlessreasonableoradvanced.
Boas
HeundertookthedescriptionofAmericanIndianlanguagesafterBoas’smethod.
Sapir-WorfHypothesis
Universalfeaturesoflanguage
Withoutlanguage,thoughtisimpossible,andthereisnoculture.
Sapir
Language:AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech(1921)
Ananthropologicalviewpoint
Thenatureoflanguageanditsdevelopment
Focusontypology
Elementsofspeech,thesoundsoflanguage,forminlanguage,grammaticalprocess,grammaticalconcepts,typesoflinguisticstructure,andhistoricalchanges
Sapir
AmericanStructuralism
’stheory
(1887-1949).HeissuchalandmarkfigureinthehistoryofAmericanlinguisticsthattheperiodbetween1933and1950isknownasBloomfieldianEra,inwhichAmericandescriptivelinguisticsformallycameintobeingandreacheditsprimedevelopment.
2)Behaviourism
S
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s
r
R
外部刺激:
Hunger
语言外部实际反应:getheranapple
语言的代替性反应:Iwantanapple
语言的代替性刺激:Ok,I’llgetitforyou.
S
R
………..
s
r
Mentalprocesses
ofthespeaker
Mentalprocesses
ofthehearer
Observableparts:utterances
Learningalanguageinvolvesconstantpracticeandrepetitioninrealsituationsratherthanmerelyteachinglanguagelearnersgrammaticaltheories.
1)HarrisMethodsinStructuralLinguistics
markingthematurityofAmericandescriptivelinguistics.
2)HockettACourseinModernLinguistics
awell-knowntextbookintheAmericandescriptivetradition
3)
theirtechniqueoflinguisticanalysis–TAGMEMICS.
4)