文档介绍：Zone of Proximal Development
Les Vygotsky
杨林燕漆雪彬李月
Contents
Les Vygotsky
ZPD
Influence
Origins
The concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) was originally developed by Vygotsky to argue against the use of academic, knowledge-based tests as a means to gauge students' intelligence. Vygotsky argued that rather than examining what a student knows to determine intelligence, it is better to examine their ability to solve problems independently and their ability to solve problems with the assistance of an adult.
Vygotsky
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) was a Russian psychologist. He worked on child development, play and language. He also developed a holistic theory of human cultural and biosocial development.
1934, he died of TB.
Vygotsky
Vygotsky's view is that language has two functions: external communication with one's fellow human beings and, equally important, the internal manipulation of one's inner thoughts.
Language starts as a tool external to the child used for social interaction. The child guides its behavior by using a kind of self-talk or "thinking out loud." Initially, self-talk is very much a tool of social interaction and this tapers to negligible levels when the child is alone. Gradually, self-talk is used more as a tool for self-directed and self-regulating behavior.
Works
Vygotsky L. 1962. Thought and language. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-72001-9. Revised and expanded edition 2012. ISBN 978-0-262-51771-3
Vygotsky L. 1962. Psychology of art. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-22013-2
Vygotsky L. 1978. Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-57629-2
Introduce the Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky stated that a child follows an adult's example and gradually develops the ability to do certain tasks without help or assistance. Vygotsky's often-quoted definition of ZPD presents it as the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by ind