文档介绍：Some Basic Concepts of Translation: 1) Different Definitions of Translation (翻译的不同定义) (p. 7) Xiao Shi: " Translation implies the rendering from one language into another of something written or spoken. In nine cases out of ten, a translation is intended to serve asa substitute for the original (原文) so as to make it available to people who cannot read the language in which it was written, or to constitute a medium for an exchange of ideas by those who do not know each other's tongue. " Zhang Peiji: “翻译就是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。” Eugene A. Nida: " Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in terms of style. " Its Chinese version is“翻译就是用译入语复制出原语信息最接近的自然等值体――首先就意义而言,其次就风格而言。” 2) Different Categorizations of Translation (翻译的不同分类方法) American linguist Roman Jakobson (1896 - 1982): ① intralingual translation / rewording (语内翻译) ② Interlingual translation (语际翻译) ③ intersemiotic Translation (符际翻译) / transmutation (跨类翻译) The second way of categorization: interpretation (口译) and translation (笔译) . The third way of categorization: complete translation (全译) and variety in translation (变译) , the latter including 摘译,编译,译述,缩译,综述,述评,译评,改译,阐译,译写 and 参译. 3) Different Ways or Methods of Translation (翻译的不同方法) literal translation (直译) / liberal (free) translation (意译)