文档介绍：Key concepts
Roman Jakobson: 可译性和意义对等
Nida: “科学”翻译方法
Nida: 形式对等和动态对等及等效原则：关注接受者
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Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and equivalence
'On linguistic aspects of translation' (1959)
intralingual translation
interlingual translation →linguistic meaning and equivalence
intersemiotic translation
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Saussure :langue and parole （语言和言语）
langue指语言系统，parole指语言实际运用时的具体表达
语言理论具有的核心意义：区分“signifier”（能指，口头或书面符号）和“signified”（所指，具体的概念）
“能指”和“所指”共同组成语言“符号”
Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and equivalence
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Langue
Parole
Abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community
Realization of langue in actual use. Det. + N may be realized in actual use as the book, the desk, the radio, etc.
A set of conventions and rules language users all have to abide by
concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules
Abstract; it is not the language which people actually use
Concrete; naturally occurring language events
Relatively stable
Varying from person to person, from situation to situation
Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and equivalence
Summaries to Make and Linguistic Viewpoints to Learn
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Saussure 言语组成部分→Jakobson 开始思考：equivalence in meaning between words in different languages
Jakobson 指出“通常在代码单位之间不存在完全对等”
eg. : cheese ≠syr(俄）≠queso（西班牙）≠Kἃse （德）etc.
在Jakobson 的描述中，语际翻译涉及“substituting messages in one language not for separate code-units but for entire messages in some other language"
翻译家重新编码并传达他从其他语言接收到的信息代码（Jakobson，1959)
Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and equivalence
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Jakobson: 讨论意义和对等问题应该关注the structure and terminology of languages 而不是关注某种语言无法把另一种语言中的信息表达出来。
在Jakobson看来，跨语言差异是对等概念的基础，其核心问题是语言带有强制性的语法形式和词汇形式： 'Languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey'.
Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and