文档介绍：摘要
人性论是中国古代哲学长期争论不定的问题。张载在熟读儒家经典的基础上,
总结了传统的性善论、性恶论、性无善无恶论、性有善有恶论的人性论思想,批
判地吸收了佛道哲学思想,提出了“虚气相即”的宇宙论与本体论并建的哲学体
系,重建了儒学天道本体,肯定了现实世界的实存性,并为人们展示了人生内在
而高远的道德本体,批判了佛老的人生观,创造性地提出了天地之性与气质之性
合一的人性论思想。
张载继承了中国哲学的气论哲学思想,提出了气化宇宙生成论,用气的真实
无妄和聚散变化批判了佛道二教否定人生真实性,继而分别追求寂灭与长生的人
性论。他不守陈规,勇于创新,赋予了太虚宇宙本原的意义,一改汉唐经学“知
人而不知天”,缺乏道德本体理论兴趣的局面,为儒学重建了道德形上本体。他提
出了“太和本体论”思想,既肯定了现实世界的真实性与合理性,又为人生指出
了大中至正之道。
张载在认识论上,主张用德性之知去统率引导闻见之知,同时用闻见之知来
促进德性之知,反对局限于闻见之知。人通过德性之知就能够体验到自身具有的
天地之性,通过持续不断的努力,尽性成性,就会成为贤人、圣人。在道德实践
工夫上,张载主张立志养气,养成浩然至大至刚之气,才能在道德实践中刚决有
力地履行义务。张载为我们描绘了人生的最高境界——“民胞物与”的“天亲合
一”的人生理想,同时自己努力按照周礼处理社会事务,体现了其实学家的风范。
张载的人性论是对中国古代人性论的总结与创造,同时又深深影响了后代的
二程、朱熹、王船山,在人性论发展史上起到承前启后的作用。
关键字:张载;太虚;太和;人性论;天地之性;气质之性
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ABSTRACT
The theory of Human Nature is one of the uncertain longterm arguments in acient
China. Chinese confucious philosopher Zhang bied the universe theory and
identify theory into “Xu and Qi”, on the basis of persued Confucianism classic
inherited and summed up the traditional theory which sepetately thought
human nature is born good, evil, both good and evil, neither good nor evil. He also
critically absorbed Buddhism philosophy, reconstructed Tiandao of Confucianism. He
admitted the existence of the real world, demonstrated to people the meaning of life
and the inherent moral identity, criticized Fulao’s attitude on life, creatively presented
the theory of human nature and the nature of Qizhi.
Zhang Zai is the essor of the Chinese philosophy of Qi. He established his
theory of atmospheric universe, using the truth and change of Qi, he criticized Fulao’s
negative life. At the same time, Zhang started elaborating creativity spirit, giving Xu
the meaning of universe benyuan. The situation of Han and Tang Dynasty Confucian
classic’s jingxue of knowing man but tian, lacked of moral identity. Zhang restructed
Confucianism of moral benyuan, raised the theory of Taihe. He admitted that the