文档介绍：Introduction to Quantum Noise, Measurement and Amplification
. Clerk,1 . Devoret,2 . Girvin,3 Florian Marquardt,4 and . Schoelkopf2
1Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University
Montr´eal,QC Canada H3A 2T8∗
2Department of Applied Physics, Yale University
PO Box 208284, New Haven, CT 06520-8284
3Department of Physics, Yale University
PO Box 208120, New Haven, CT 06520-8120
4Department of Physics, Center for NanoScience, and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics,
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit¨atM¨unchen
Theresienstr. 37, D-80333 M¨unchen,Germany
(Dated: Oct. 26, 2008)
The topic of quantum noise has e extremely timely due to the rise of quantum information
physics and the resulting interchange of ideas between the condensed matter and AMO/quantum
munities. This review gives a pedagogical introduction to the physics of quantum noise
and its connections to quantum measurement and quantum amplification. After introducing
quantum noise spectra and methods for their detection, we describe the basics of weak continuous
measurements. Particular attention is given to treating the standard quantum limit on linear
amplifiers and position detectors using a general linear-response framework. We show how this
approach relates to the standard Haus-Caves quantum limit for a bosonic amplifier known in quan-
tum optics, and illustrate its application for the case of electrical circuits, including mesoscopic
detectors and resonant cavity detectors.
Contents B. Quantum limit on QND detection of a qubit 32
I. Introduction 2 VI. Quantum Limit on Linear Amplifiers and
Position Detectors 33
II. Basics of Classical and Quantum Noise 5 A. Preliminaries on amplification 33
A. Classical noise correlators 5 B. Standard Haus-Caves derivation of the quantum
B. Square law detectors and classical spectrum limit on a bosonic amplifier 34
analyzers 6 C. Scattering versus op-amp modes of operation 36
C. Introductio