文档介绍：Chap. anization structure
§ Definition How job tasks are formally divided,grouped & coordinated
Specialization(labor division) To what degree are tasks subdivided into separate jobs?
Individuals specialize in doing part of an activity rather than the entire activity
prevalent by the late 1940s: usage of employee’s skill--less trained replace skilled. Efficient training. 2. Employee’s skills at performing a tasks essfully increase through repetition---
by the 1960s:the human diseconomies from specialization--boredom,fatigue,stress,low productivity, poor quality,increased absenteeism,& high turnover.
Enlarge the scope of activities--doing whole & complete job,team

The basis by which jobs are grouped together
Group by function--Deepen specialized knowledge, Achieve efficiencies though specialization; High-cost integration, Slowly responsive
product Cluster --Multidivisional Sys.
Organized around Geography(territory)--scrattered
process departmentalization
Customer departmentalization
mand
The unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of anization to the lowest eschelon &clarifies who reports to whom
authority:the right inherent in managerial position to give orders & expect the orders to be obeyed
unity mand:a subordinate should have only 1 superior to whom he(she) is directly responsible
conflicting demands or priorities from superiors
less relevance today because of -- & empowering
of Control
The number of subordinates a manager can efficiently & effectively anizational level (levels of management)
strength of small spans:maintain close control;
drawback: expensive for adding --;complex munication, slow down D-M,isolate upper --;overly tight supervision discourage -- autonomy
recent efforts to reduce cost,cut overhead,speed up D-M,get closer to customer,empower employees.
& Decentralization
The degree to which D-M is concentrated at a single point in anization
decentr